El Dorado s Candide The Utopia That Wasn t. Candide

El Dorado in Candide: The Utopia That Wasn t Candide was a novel published in 1759 by Francois-Marie Arouet, known best by the pseudonym â€Å"Voltaire†. It was written primarily to satirize German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz s â€Å"theodicy†, which was a philosophy Leibniz designed to explain why evil exists in the world. He maintained that we live in the â€Å"best of all possible worlds†, an idea Voltaire dismantled in Candide with biting attacks on philosophy, religion, politics, and social order. One of the most unusual displays of satire he invoked was in the novel s description of El Dorado, which was apparently a utopian society. However, Voltaire rejects that ideal, not only with open satire but with subtext, and this is why Candide ultimately decides to leave. â€Å"They were obliged to creep along, from rock to rock, for the space of a league, till at length a spacious plain presented itself to their sight. This place was bounded by a chain of ina ccessible mountains† (125). This is Candide and Cacombo s first glimpse of El Dorado. The near impossibility of access to it is intriguing, because while it may protect the inhabitants from the outside world and the pollution of their society, it also means that egress is also just as difficult. This is proven when they decide to leave, and the vast undertaking it requires to get them out. Not everyone wanted to stay there after arrival; the Incas left to conquer other lands and Candide himself ends up wishing to leave. He

Being A Declaration Of The New Sharing Economy - 2063 Words

Intentions in partaking in the new sharing economy vary, which is not shocking given the assorted qualities of platforms and activities. A few members are drawn by the popularity or uniqueness of the platforms. It is, in any case, imperative to perceive that the uniqueness about which numerous participants (and uniqueness) talk can be a declaration of classism and prejudice. The obvious reasons are mainly to do with cost saving during a period of economic struggle, and sustaining the environment. On the other hand, of larger interest are the obvious reasons for sharing, which can be found in references to the timelessness of sharing, under the circumstance of that sharing is an activity that children do. The timelessness of sharing is implied when collaborative consumption is described as being â€Å"based on natural behavioural instincts around sharing and exchanging† (Botsman Rogers, 2010, p. 213). Therefore, sharing is not only a relic of past societies; such practices per sist to be more common in the working class, deprived, and marginal groups. The talk of novelty develops a false universalism that can distance to individuals who have kept up non-computerised sharing practices in their day by day lives. The sharing economy communities are not only for the young. The current stereotypical depiction of the sharing economy is that it is the space of tech-savvy, open-minded younger generations. However, it is factual that 35 of the 66 percent of people among global respondentsShow MoreRelatedThe Sharing Economy, Why People Participate For Collaborative Consumption1723 Words   |  7 Pages(Reference: The Sharing Economy, Why People Participate in Collaborative Consumption) The sharing economy has been growing significantly over the past couple of decades and has been taken a large sum of interest from investors across the world. 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They usually utilize technologies and large staffs of people and therefore, small businesses might have to compete with these large companies to get container space. As small businesses might need to export in smaller quantities such asRead MoreBehind The Sense And William Wells Brown Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesand assaulted by her owner. Brown was exposed to and experienced slavery among harsh widespread conditions. William worked as a house servant and field slave until he was hired out as an assistant the slave trader James Walker. While unhappy with being enslaved Brown, like many other slaves attempted to escape. After two failed attempts brown finally did escape and made his way for freedom. Assisted in his journey from Ohio to Canada by the Quaker Wells Brown, William adopted the man s names out

Introduction of As 701 with the Collapse of Lehman-Free Samples

Question: How did Lehman Collapse? Answer: Introducation: The title of the report is the introduction of new auditing standard 701 and the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Auditing Standards are issued by the auditing standard board and is made available to the auditors of the company to perform their audit in the effective and efficient manner. With the aim of analyzing the new auditing standard with regard to the case of Lehman Brothers, the report has been divided into defined sections. In the first section, the history of Lehman Brothers have been explained in detail as to how the company has come into place and made itself known to the market across the country. In that section only the reasons for the collapse of the company has been discussed in detail with reference to the conditions prevailing at that time. In the second section, the meaning and the purpose of the auditing has been explained and details as to why the auditor issues the audit report to the company and how the audit report has been considered as the useful document for t he users of the financial statements of the company. The concept of independency has also been discussed in relation to the auditor while issuing the auditor report. In the third section the meaning and purpose of the issue of new auditing standard 701 has been discussed in detail with regard to its content. Thereafter it has been mentioned as to what key matters are required to be disclosed and what key matters would have been disclosed by the auditor of the company through which the collapse would not have happened. At the last, the conclusion has been made citing the overall findings of the study and then the recommendation has been made. Lehman brothers History of the Company The history of the company starts from the early years of eighteen hundred and forty. The owner of the company namely Mr. Henry Lehman who has come to United States of America for the purpose of business and has opened the shop where dry goods are sold to the nearby customer. As the time passed, he is joined by his two brothers. After their joining they realized that the United States of America is the hub for cotton market and the company can achieve gains in the short period of time if it starts to sell the cotton to the customers. They have then adopted the strategy where they start selling the dry goods to the customers not in cash but in exchange of the dry cotton. With this strategic thought the company starts making profits in the shorter period of time. Soon after the knowing of then cotton market, the company came to know about the hub commission house which is placed in other part of the United States. Simultaneously the English civil war has started which have given the wa y to company to get engaged in the business of the banking coupled with the commission business. During and after the war it has been recognized that many roads have been damaged, the offices of many people including the houses have been damaged. In order to gets it renovated or able to work again, the individuals including the companies started finding the way to have the loan from the external; agencies including the banks or other financial institutions. In this era the Lehman Brothers have got themselves engaged in providing the loans to their customers and have helped to build the railway system and to renovate the roads and re build the houses and so on. With this expansion the companies have entered their step into the market of banking industry and have been regarded as the one of the leading companies engaged in the investment banking. With this the Lehman Brothers have come up with all the ways from 1844 to 15th of September, 2008, the day on which the company was collapse d (HBS, 2014). Factors causing collapse After coming from all the ways from the year of 1844, the companies have the condition when it has been forced to file the bankruptcy application for protection before the authorities. The collapse of the company has not occurred suddenly rather there are the circumstances which have been prevailing from the last eight consecutive years. The application was filed on 15th of September 2008 and has been marked as the historical date in the books of the banking industry. The factors which have caused the collapse of the company are discussed below: First reason for the collapse is the accounting fraud that the company has been doing with the inclusion of the auditor and management of the company. They are violating the essence of the Repo 105 transaction and have making the accounting entries at their own convenience rather than following the rules of the transaction. The Repo 105 transaction states that the company can sell its securities for the short period of time to the customers and will repurchase the securities after completion of the specified time at the premium (Johnson, 2012). The proper agreement is required to be executed for the sale and repurchase and is referred as the Repurchase agreement. Accordingly the company shall hold the liability in the books of accounts till the securities are repurchased at the premium. In the given case Lehman Brothers have adopted the strategy where they execute the proper agreement of repurchase but do not intend to repurchase the same and not showing the liability rather they hav e accounted the transaction as sale of securities in the statement of Profit and Loss (Azadinamin, 2013). From the cash so made available with the company, the company has started setting off the liabilities and has been successful in setting off the fifty million dollar liability. Due to this the company has been reporting the high turnover and high net profits at the quarter end and at the year end (Chadha, 2016). This fraud has been perpetrating in the books of accounts for the last eight years and the time has come when the company is now under the pressure to either repurchase the securities or file the bankruptcy application. As the company is not having any funds to repurchase the securities, the company has adopted to move an application for bankruptcy. Second major reason for the collapse is that the company was unable to find any buyer. The time when the Lehman Brothers have collapsed, most of the banks are in that situation only but they have easily found the buyers and have successfully sold whole of the company to the acquiring company (Farndale, 2008). The Lehman Brothers have been delayed in looking for the buyer and when they have found the buyer Barclays Bank, then the Government has refused to allow for such acquisition and resulting to the collapse of the company (Maux and Morin, 2011) The third major reason for the collapse is that the company was unable to finance it short term requirements as they earlier use to set off from the short term loans that they avail from the bank using the credit facilities or on the pledge of the securities (Dutta, 2010). When the company has declared the net loss on the quarter ending June 2008, then every stakeholder have started backing out from the company resulting in shortage of funds in the company. Further the Federal Reserve Bank has also denied giving the amount of loan to the company to revive its operations. Apart from the above factors there are other factors too that have resulted in the collapse of the company are improper management of the cash flows and ineffective management of the company. Auditor's Report Purpose and Content The auditor of the company is the person who checks the accounting books of the company and financial statements of the company prepared by the management of the company. The auditor after checking the financial statements of the company is required to give his opinion and his opinion so formed shall be objective and independent. If it is not done then he will punished with guilty of professional misconduct. In the auditor report the auditor is required to report whether the company financial statements of the company represents the true and fair view of the financial position and performance of the company or not. Clean Report Issued In the given case the auditor has been issuing the Clean Report of the financial statements of the company. The auditors of the company were Ernst and Young. The auditors of the company were in believe that the company was entering into Repurchase transactions and following the provisions of the standards as defined in the accounting standards (Chatterjee, 2015, Mc 2010 and Inman, 2014). But in actual the company has not been making the financial statements of the company in accordance with the accounting standards and the provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 and the company with the connivance of the auditors has done this very successfully which have remained undisclosed for the period of consecutive eight years (Coenen, 2010). The auditor of the company have folded their hands and authenticated the financial statements of the company with the blind faith that the company is doing and following all the work in the letter and spirit. As per the given case study, the auditors are aware of the fact of the massive accounting fraud that is being done by the company but despite of this fact the auditor have issued the clean report only on the matter of the financial interest that the firm has seen and the audit firm have sacrificed the integrity, objectivity and the independence of the auditor and sign the balance sheet with clean report (Goldstien, 2014). This financial interest amounts to one hundred and fifty million dollars over the last eight years. In this manner, the auditor has issued the clean report. New Auditing Standarg 701 Purpose of Issue The new auditing standard relating to Communication of Key Audit Matter by auditor has been come into existence in 2015 and applicable in 2016 on the auditor. The standard describes the detailed responsibility of the auditor before issuing unqualified report by the auditor. The new principle enhances the role of the auditor to make him liable more towards the stakeholders and towards those charged with governance. The main purpose of the audit standard is to provide transparent information about the affairs of the company and highlighting the affairs which require more attention of the stakeholder and on that basis steps can be taken by stakeholders in order to reduce the impact of the information reported as Key Audit Matter by auditor (AASB, 2015) Content The audit standard defines the matters which can be considered as Key matters and how the auditor will identify these Matters and what has to report in relation to identified key matter by the auditor. Any matter in the working of an organization can be considered as Key Audit Matter if it is communicated by those charged with governance to auditor and also include the matters which identified by the auditor with use his professional knowledge and judgment. The auditor professional experience and verdict plays important role in assessment of Key Audit Matter which require reporting. The following areas which are considered as Key Audit Matter in the organization and should reported in the auditor report: Areas which are defined as highly significant risky areas under Auditing Standard 315 which can create the situation of danger in the policies and procedures of the company. Areas where accounting estimates has been used by the company in order to get the value of particular transaction like estimate taken for useful life for calculating the depreciation on fixed assets by the management. Important matters which can have impact on ten disclosure requirements of the financial statements of the company. Required Key Audit Matters In Lehman Brothers Audit Report The application and effect of the new auditing standard should have be done by the auditing standard board retrospectively from the year before 2000, then fall back of the Lehman Brother can be avoided and major crisis in the finance industry can be avoided. The following are the Key Audit Matters which the auditor would have report in case of Lehman Brother and the corrective actions would have been taken by those charged with governance on the basis this key audit matters: Reporting of Repo 105 transaction and its treatment- The Repo 105 transaction which are prevailing in the banking industry were inappropriately used by the firm. In the Audit Key Matter the auditor should report that the company is selling short terms securities and receiving cash from them. The sale has considered as operating sale by the firm rather than taking it effect as borrowings. Also, the firm pays of its liabilities standing in the balance sheet from such cash received without considering the fact that this amount together with interest has to be return by the firm after lock in period of two year. Continuous decrease in Liquidity Position The auditor should report as key audit matter about significant risk which has been created on the liquidity position of firm from its operations. There are many times the firm is in crunch of liquidity and borrows funds from outside fulfill the liquidity requirement. The result of the situation deteriorated the cash and cash equivalents of the company from $ 167 million in last few years creating significant high risk on the firm continuity (Masytoh, 2010). Conclusion The report has been prepared keeping in mind the scam created by Lehman Brother which is the basis for US crisis happened in 2008. The scam of Lehman Brother affects 40 countries in the world where the company has major operations and creates a remarkable damage to financial market including the banking sectors. The route of the scam has been started in year 2000 and continued till 8 eights after which the firm has declared the bankruptcy and file the application to Federal. It has been concluded from the report that the root cause of the scam is the collision of the auditors and the management of the company who made the frauds at the accounting level to mislead its stakeholders. It is recommended from the study; the auditor should perform his duties with full ethical principles and shall not infringe the basic purpose of the accounting and auditing standard. The auditor should take due care and should report all the matters which can hamper the interest of the stakeholders. References AASB, (2015), ASA 701, Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independents Auditors report, available on https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_701_2015.pdf accessed on 16/05/2017. Azadinamin A, (2013), The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Causes of Failure and Recommendations Going Forward available on https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230687440_The_Bankruptcy_of_Lehman_Brothers_Causes_of_Failure_Recommendations_Going_Forward accessed on 15/05/2017. Chatterjee P, (2015), Ernst and Young pays $10 million to settle Lehman Brothers Audit failure Lawsuit, available on https://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=16019 accessed on 15/05/2017. Chadha P, (2016), What caused the failure of Lehman Brothers, available on https://www.omicsonline.com/open-access/what-caused-the-failure-of-lehman-brothers-could-it-have-beenprevented-how-recommendations-for-going-forward-2472-114X-S1-002.php?aid=77283 accessed on 15/05/2017. Coenen T, (2010), Is Ernst and Young to blame in Lehman Brothers Fraud? available on https://www.aol.com/article/2010/12/23/fraud-files-is-ernst-and-young-to-blame-in-lehman-bros-fraud/19774486/ accessed on 15/05/2017. Dutta, (2010), Lehman Shell Game, Strategic Finance, Vol 92(2), pp 21-29 Farndale N, (2008), Lehman Brothers Collapse : How the worst economic crisis in living memory began available on https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/3917584/Lehman-Brothers-collapse-How-the-worst-economic-crisis-in-living-memory-began.html accessed on 15/05/2017. Goldstien M, (2014), Arbitrators Ease Blame on Ernst and Young for Audits of Lehman Brothers, available on https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/arbitrators-ease-blame-on-auditors-of-lehman/?_r=0 accessed on 15/05/2017. HBS, (2014), History of Lehman Brothers, available on https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/history.html accessed on 15/05/2017. Inman P, (2010), Auditors Role in Lehman Collapse Unites Opposition in calls for reform, available on https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/mar/15/auditors-role-lehman-collapse-critics accessed on 15/05/2017. Johnson M, (2012), The failure of Lehman Brothers and its impact on other Financial Institutions, Applied Financial Economics, Vol 22(5), pp 377-383 Masyth O, (2010), The analysis of determinants of Going Concern Audit Report, Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, Vol 6(4), pp 27-36. Maux J and Morin D,(2011), Black and White Red All over : Lehman Brothers inevitable bankruptcy splashed across its financial statements , International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol 2(20), pp 42-61 Mc G, (2010), Ernst and Young accused of hiding Lehman Troubles available on https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ernstandyoung-lehman-lawsuit-idUSTRE6BJ1FP20101221 accessed on 15/05/2017.

Strategy Formulation in Start Ups

Strategy designing and management is a process through which organizations, at whatsoever level of growth, guarantee desired results in the future. It provides long term goals and defines ways of attaining the desired. Proper strategy designing and implementation ensures start ups break even and compete favorable as they grow to maturity. Failure to plan is recipe of failure. To succeed in the long run, long term plans and strategies or tactics have to be instituted or put in place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy Formulation in Start Ups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The strategy process is standard whether the business in question is a start up or an established entity. Business strategy begins environmental scanning and then business modeling so as to suit into and control the business environment (Dess Taylor, 2004, p. 68). It is the control over the business environment i.e. capacity to influenc e environment in own favor that is widely known as a competitive edge. When it comes to a business start up, there is no historical data or experience to rely on. Much strategic options for start ups are derived from environmental scans and tested business models that allow for benchmarking against best practices in industry. Due to the lack of experience in the industry; a weakness of most start ups, planning has to be taken very seriously. This is why all business start ups have to prepare a good business plan. Start ups have to be clear on what they are about. Therefore, the planning process begins with spelling out a clear vision. Defining the business vision offers a long term focus that will direct the business. The vision for a start up should in line with how they want to differentiate themselves in the market (Dess Taylor, 2004, p. 45). Differentiation in the market is about uniqueness or specialty in offering. It is this uniqueness or proper differentiation that will give the start up a competitive advantage. It is the reason why customers will choose the start up over already established business or products. Once a start up has defined clearly what it is about i.e. the vision, the next step is defining the vision in terms of a mission. The mission statement connects vision to actionable undertakings (Joyce Woods, 2001, p. 64). In other words, the mission explains what the business is about and what ought to be done for the business to achieve desired status as stated in vision statement. Once the actionable aspects of the vision are clear, this should be broken down into objectives or goals. Objectives are the issues to be looked into or actual action details that fulfill the mission. Start ups have to identify the particular goals to be achieved and describe in detail what the action items are about. For start ups, more focus is given to the short term goals (Dess Taylor, 2004, p. 115). It is the attainment of this short term goals that will en able the start up to break even.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Values, often neglected or assumed, are an integral part of strategy formulation. For an organization to attain a competitive advantage, people are of critical value. It is people who translate plans into results. People also act as organizational interface with customers i.e. their experience with customers either keeps the customers coming or repels the customers. A start up can not fail to invest in quality. Quality deployment starts with full participation of all employees. It requires that all employees be convinced and adopt a certain way of doing business. To guide employees, the start-up managers have to define the qualities or values by which organizational employees will be identified. Such values may include integrity, punctuality, honest, respect, passion etc. As already indicated, lack of experienc e and not having been experienced by customers is the biggest huddle for start ups. The offer or initial stages in operation should be geared towards striking the right cord with customer. The approach towards desired brand resonance i.e. striking chord with customers has to be based on thorough market research. Therefore, a crucial step in strategy formulation for a start up business is research and industry analysis. There are many ways of doing an industry analysis or market research. The most commonly used methods are doing a SWOT analysis or applying the fives forces approach developed by Porter. As SWOT analysis basically looks at the internal and external business environment and identifies things that can work for and things that can work against the organization. The internal environment of a business consists of such facets as employees, suppliers, organizational structure, organizational culture or generally the resources, competencies and capacity that an organization ha s (Ogidefa, 2008). These resources, competencies and general capacity define what strengths and weaknesses an organization has. The strategy design process will look into how to reinforce or maximize utilization of strengths while reducing or eradicating the weaknesses (Ogidefa, 2008). The external environment of a business comprises of social structures, environmental related regulations or demands, legal framework, political issues, geographical issues, technological climate and economic climate. The most important factor in the external environment is competition. The fierceness and responses of competition have a direct impact on business. The external environment of a business frames where the threats and opportunities are. For example, changes in technology are bound to influence business operations. A start up has to consider how it is placed technologically and devise ways of positioning itself correctly. For a start up, the challenge is being able to identify gaps in the ma rket and galvanize resources as to ride on the gaps before competition makes a counter move (Joyce Woods, 2001, p. 118).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy Formulation in Start Ups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A SWOT analysis is easy to use and is applied widely. However, an organization can also beneficially consider the Five Competitive Forces of Porter. Porter’s five forces are based on the assumption that once an organization identifies the relative power of the different players in the market, it is better placed to coin or develop a competitive advantage (Mind Tools Ltd, 1998). The five forces in the market include supplier power, buyer power, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, and competition rivalry. Supplier power refers to how much influence suppliers have on an organization. If suppliers are few or overly differentiated in their offering, they wield a lot of influ ence in the market. Buyer power is capacity of buyers to influence the offering of suppliers. If a start up has capacity to buy in bulk, it means it will have more buyer power. Competition rivalry refers to how competitive the market is. This is a crucial element because if the market is full of sharks, the start up has to devise strategies that enable it to fight and bite hard. The start-up managers have to consider possible entrants in the industry and what substitutes are available to its offering. This information should guide in segmentation of the market and proper positioning as to achieve a unique position in the market (Mind Tools Ltd, 1998). Environmental scanning is crucial because it provides raw data that can be used in decision making (Joyce Woods, 2001, p. 225). Start ups do a lot of forecasting and statistical tools come in handy. However, given there is no much historical data, managers judgment is of critical value. Managers have to critically analyze market chara cteristics and employ such efforts like benchmarking to be able to break through. The managerial qualitative judgments or conclusions backed by quantitative extrapolations from proper market surveys should lead into devising appropriate responses. The responses given should be able to give a start up competitive advantage. Some of the sources of competitive advantage or areas of focus when designing a competitive advantage include technological superiority, employee skills and knowledge, first to enter market strategies, benchmarking strategies, customer orientation, entering virgin market segments, conducive organizational structure and culture, awesome product design, strategic partnerships, distribution characteristics etc. The managers of a start up business have to look into all elements, both in the external and internal business environment, and devise appropriate strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The implementation of strategy takes into account functional or operational plans that define what to be done, where to be done, when to be done, how to be done and by whom. The strategic concern with details and statistical mapping, when it comes to operational plans, enables the organization to cut on costs, deliver to customers on time, reduce idle time, maximally utilize capacity of organization and avoid wastage. Such a concern translates into reduced prices enabled by efficiency and effectiveness plus improved productivity or performance in organization. When the mentioned happens, an organization has a high likelihood of doing well in the market. Reference List Dess, G. G., Taylor, M., L. (2004). Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantages. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co. Joyce, P., Woods, A. (2001). Strategic Management: A Fresh Approach to Developing Skills, Knowledge and Creativity. New York: Kogan Page Publishers. Mind Tools Ltd. (1998). Porter’s Five F orces. Mind Tools Ltd. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_08.htm Ogidefa, I. (2008). Strategic Analysis of Internal Environment of a Business Organization. Bizcovering. Web. This essay on Strategy Formulation in Start Ups was written and submitted by user Albert0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Night

The author purpose of the book was to tell his life experiences with the holocaust, and a terrifying account of the nazi death camps. The book led into how the nazi’s fed the Jews little or no food how if they were not doing their job they’ll get struck down. Families were separated at the concentration camp in Auschwitz the women were killed in the informatory where you go in and never come out. The category of nonfiction is drama because of the struggles of what happened to this boy losing his mom dad and his sister. The author has organized this perfectly the book started when his family was living in the town of sighet until the they were called all the Jews were going to the concentration camp. The structure of the story fit the story people wish they were somewhere else, some wanted to die, people waited for the U.S. army to come and defeat the Ss and free them from the concentration camp. The information the author convey that would be relevant to me and my peers kids don’t want their parents to give up something positive the dad was sick and couldn’t go on like people can’t go if they have cancer. The concentration camps made people weak and go into deep depression. It just like when my peers lose a close family member you maybe wanted to tell that someone something before he or she died and that would be relevant to us like it was in the book. The effectiveness of the nonfiction text is that the vocabulary was excellent, the structure of the text had the pyramid told the plot, the high point in the story and then the resolution. The accuracy of the information was good enough they told specific dates and told when the Jewish new year came and Christmas. Jews were set on fire, beaten, hang, and frozen to death. Like the many Jews told when the war was over.... Free Essays on Night Free Essays on Night Shame The novel Night, by Elie Wiesel has many tragedies and losses suffered by the prisoners in concentration camps. One major loss was the deterioration of father-son relationships. Due to the inhumane conditions in the concentration camps, it is every man for himself and family ties no longer matter. Therefore, one must abandon his father or his son in order to survive. In the novel, Elie sometimes thinks of how his weak father is such a burden and how it would be a relief for own father to just die. More so, there are other incidents where father-son relationships are deteriorated. To begin, in the episode where the S.S soldiers throw bread into the train, the prisoners are so focused on getting the food, that even their closest relations aren’t in their minds. "Wild beasts of prey, with animal hatred in their eyes; an extraordinary vitality had seized them, sharpening their teeth and nails", shows how the prisoners have become predatory animals. After being starved for ten days, the prisoners are willing to kill each other for bread. In this scene, a young man fights his own father for a piece of bread and eventually, they kill each other off. For they are no longer living in a world of social responsibility and morality, it makes sense for them to behave like animals. The Nazis have created this inhumane environment, and the prisoners have no choice but to take on their ways for survival. Moreover, at one point in the novel, Elie, his father, and the rest of the prisoners were to transfer to another camp named Gleiwits; they were forced to run around forty miles in painfully cold weather, with stragglers shot. A scene that secured itself in Elie's memory is that of Rabbi Eliahou: â€Å"his son had seen him losing ground, limping, staggering back to the rear of the column. He had seen him. And his had continued to run on in front, letting the distance between them grow greater†. In this heartbreaking scene, Rabbi Eliahou’... Free Essays on Night In Night, Elie Wiesel brings to life his abhorrent account as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp in World War II. The experiences he describes are horrifying, but true. The book was well written and had excellent historical detail. Because of this, I found book was difficult to put down. The book begins during World War II in Transylvania, where the Wiesel family lived a pleasant life. One day in nineteen-forty-two the Germans invaded their city and expelled all Jews, including the Wiesel family. Eliezer and his father were separated from his mother and sisters. He and his father were sent to work in Nazi concentration camps until the end of the War. He found that life in these camps was difficult. He had to work all day just to get small portions of food. If he did not work he would be shot or burned in a furnace. The main character in this story is the author, Eliezer Wiesel. Elie was a fifteen year-old boy at the time. He frequently questioned why God would punish the ! Jews in this way, but never received an answer. In the concentration camps, Eliezer worked hard and tried to do the best he could so he would not be killed. Sometimes he and his work group were directed to travel to different camps because the Russians were closing in on the Germans. During these movements they would march and sometimes even run to these far away camps. Whoever could not keep up would be shot. Eliezer's ordeal ended with the liberation of his camp by the Americans in nineteen-forty-five. At the time of the liberation he was the lone survivor of his family. Like thousands of others, his mother, father, and sisters were victimized by the cruel Nazi policy. As a teenager living in Sault Ste. Marie, MI., it is difficult for me to imagine living in a concentration camp like Eliezer Wiesel. I can understand why he would question his faith in God. It is important for young people to learn about the cruelty that was inflicted against the Jewish people d... Free Essays on Night The author purpose of the book was to tell his life experiences with the holocaust, and a terrifying account of the nazi death camps. The book led into how the nazi’s fed the Jews little or no food how if they were not doing their job they’ll get struck down. Families were separated at the concentration camp in Auschwitz the women were killed in the informatory where you go in and never come out. The category of nonfiction is drama because of the struggles of what happened to this boy losing his mom dad and his sister. The author has organized this perfectly the book started when his family was living in the town of sighet until the they were called all the Jews were going to the concentration camp. The structure of the story fit the story people wish they were somewhere else, some wanted to die, people waited for the U.S. army to come and defeat the Ss and free them from the concentration camp. The information the author convey that would be relevant to me and my peers kids don’t want their parents to give up something positive the dad was sick and couldn’t go on like people can’t go if they have cancer. The concentration camps made people weak and go into deep depression. It just like when my peers lose a close family member you maybe wanted to tell that someone something before he or she died and that would be relevant to us like it was in the book. The effectiveness of the nonfiction text is that the vocabulary was excellent, the structure of the text had the pyramid told the plot, the high point in the story and then the resolution. The accuracy of the information was good enough they told specific dates and told when the Jewish new year came and Christmas. Jews were set on fire, beaten, hang, and frozen to death. Like the many Jews told when the war was over.... Free Essays on Night Night (A Book Report) "For more than half an hour he stayed there, struggling between life and death, dying in slow agony under our eyes. And we had to look him full in the face. He was still alive when I passed in front of him. His tongue was still red, his eyes were not yet glazed. Behind me I heard [a] man asking: Where is God now?" The suffering of this child being hanged is comparable to the suffering endured by many Jews during the holocaust. This quotation is found in just one of many heart wrenching scenes found in Night, a biography of the holocaust survivor, Elie Wiesel. Wiesel stayed quiet about the holocaust for ten years and his reasoning for this was, "I didn't want to use the wrong words. I was afraid the words might betray it." This also may account for the fact that some of the sentences found in Night are very wordy and often are overwhelming to the reader because of the amount of significance found in each. This flaw, though, is very forgivable under the circumstances. Besides for the brilliant descriptions found in Night and the feeling that you were walking in Elie's shoes, if he literally had any, Night opens the readers mind to the atrocities of the holocaust and concentration camps. We take for granted, today, our knowledge of knowing how many Jews were killed by the Nazi's and having a general idea of the kind of life people led in the concentration camps. People never really stop to think about what it must have felt like not knowing what was going on or what was going to happen next. Wiesel illustrates this very clearly at the beginning of his autobiography. He shows the reaction of the townspeople when they first heard of Hitler and German troops and the optimistic approach they ecided to take on life. This technique of taking the reader to life before the ghettos and the concentration camps is very interesting and unique. Before reaching a... Free Essays on Night Night: Critical Analysis Essay on Elie’s Relationship with his Father The Book Night begins in a small town, Sighet, in Transylvania. The narrator/author of the book is Elie Wiesel. Elie is a child and a fairly devout Orthodox Jew during the time of World War 2. Night occurs in the 1940s when Hitler has begun to invade Hungry and slowly takes over Sighet and deports Elie and his family. Elie and his father have a very strong relationship in the beginning and throughout the book, although this relationship does transform as the two go through more and more. Towards the end of the book Elie begins to feel that his father is a burden and consequently feel’s guilt because of this. In the beginning of the book Elie looks up to his father because his father is a respected member of the Jewish community in Sighet. His father was not in favor of Elie’s decision to study mysticism and therefore refused to be his mentor. As his father said, â€Å"Your to young for that. Maimonides said it was only at thirty that one had the right to venture into the perilous world of mysticism. You must first study the basic subjects within your understanding (1-2).† His father was not sentimental, ever as the book states. This tells us that Elie and his father at this point had a relationship based on respect as so many Orthodox Jewish families had between fathers and sons. When the two arrive at the camp there is a change in the way that Elie and his father relate. His father said that he would have rather Elie to go with his mother rather than have to see what they were going to do to Elie. Then his father began to weep. This was probably one of if not the only time that Elie ever saw his father cry. In this part of the book Elie begins to feel his father’s love for him and his father begins to show emotion toward him. Elie and his father become more like a father and son with more based on love and emotion than respect and obedience. As the bo...

11 Extraordinary Life Lessons of Highly Successful People

11 Extraordinary Life Lessons of Highly Successful People If you were to follow the daily routines of super successful people, what might you find out? Here are 11 lessons you can learn from doing what the richest and most famous do, sometimes before breakfast. 1. Get Enough ExerciseThis is a common element across most routines of highly successful people. The endorphins give your brain a boost, plus the physical strength you build help with endurance. Exercise will make you more productive and more focused.  It’s a habit to cultivate and keep.2. MeditateStop telling yourself you don’t have ten minutes once or twice a day to sit and be still and to breathe. You might surprise yourself at just how much a difference this little habit can make in your mental clarity and productivity. Try it for a while, then stop for a week. Notice a difference?3. Push Through the Mid-Week SlumpYou might find that you’re ready for new good habits and setting new goals on Mondays, but by midweek, those habits might get harder to keep. May be the rush of the new habit’s benefits might be wearing off a little. Try and persevere through this natural slump in your own excitement about your new routine.4. Understand that Sleep MattersYou’ll find that getting enough sleep will really make a big difference, no matter what your routine. Never get out of bed and feel a wave of dread to see your briefcase or your work-out clothes. Imagine waking up and  not being exhausted! It will set the tone for your whole day.5. Set Up a Bedtime RoutineYou can’t just turn off your laptop, brush your teeth, and expect a restful and even night’s sleep. Try building a bedtime ritual (baths, no screens, herbal tea) to get your body and brain into the proper mindset. You’ll find you fall asleep faster and get a better quality rest.6. Don’t Keep Habits that Don’t Serve YouIf a new habit simply doesn’t work for you, toss it. Chances are you can modify it or find something entirely differen t that suits your lifestyle best. Don’t waste your time cultivating habits and routines that don’t help you accomplish your own goals.7. Track Your TimeIf you start tracking how you spent the hours in a day, you might learn a lot about where you could be more productive, or where you’re just plain wasting time. Cut out the fat! You can also determine which parts of the day are your most and least productive- and start scheduling yourself more intelligently for better results.8.  Stick to Your Routines as Much as PossibleIf you have a good morning and bedtime ritual in place, and you get asked to do something that would require you to compromise that for a day or week, that’s a great way of helping you to figure out how much you really want to do that thing. Listen to your gut. If you’d much rather just be at home sipping tea at 10pm than at that club opening, it’s probably not the right event for you. Wait for something that really makes y ou want to make an exception to your established routine.9.  Establish Your Life PrioritiesRather than filling your days with shoulds, you might be able to figure out what activities, tasks, and goals in your life are actually things that matter to you. Figure out what your priorities and desires are, and follow those. Not just what everyone else is doing. And if something doesn’t interest you? (And you can afford to?) Skip it.10. Trust Your SubconsciousIf you try out a lot of new habits, you might find you naturally veer towards keeping the ones that work for you and tossing the ones that don’t. That’s great. That means you’re listening to yourself. Keep it up.11. Try New ThingsThe best part of trying new habits and routines is that it gives you a real chance to figure out if things could be running more smoothly and productively in your life. Give yourself a chance to be your best self!

Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Analysis Paper - Essay Example After graduating, he took a personal journey by roaming through the wilderness areas of Alaska. He abandoned his car in the Mojave Desert, destroyed the license plates, threw away his maps, and burned his money. He later named himself Alexander Supertramp. With that, he liberated himself to indulge in nature freely with unfiltered experiences (Krakauer 12). John Krauker reconstructs a clear prism through which he brings together the unsettling facts of Christopher McClandess’ life. He asserts that an inner obsession and youthful desires propelled McClandess to undertake that journey. By digging deeply, Krauker unravels the wider riddles that the life of McCandless depicts. He integrates the reflective pull of the American jungle on the reader’s imagination. He integrates the fascination of the high-risk activities in the wilderness performed by young people (Krakauer 14). McCandless had grown in the affluent neighbourhood of Washington, D. C. He had graduated with an honours degree from Emory University. His ultimate desire was to undertake an Alaskan odyssey in the wild for a whole summer. He was probably harrowing with the desire to make an extraordinary step in his life. McCandless surprised the world by leaving a nearly perfect life in search of a fantasy. Interestingly, he had left a full trail of travails documents, photos and diaries. In his diaries, he depicts a journey of a hunger experience driven by a kind of immortal grandeur. He mused in the emptiness of the material world. He had planned to attend law school in the future (Krakauer 19). He traversed the country using meagre means. In few times he sought employment and in few times refused help from strangers. He can be defined as an idealist whose life was cut down before he could realise its full benefits. He had made an impact on nearly all the people he had met along his journey. His journey was hastily prepared and ill informed. He

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data Essay - 5

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data - Essay Example ael Deaconess Medical Center uses in handling sensitive data, as appearing in Managing Information Privacy & Security: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Technology Resources Policy (2007) are against the following: Access to vital information is a key concern by these organizations. There are policies put in place that emphasize of access of information to authorized personnel only. In most cases, there are access control measures allowing specific personnel access to them. Hacking or breaking into somewhere are means of accessing information illegally, leading to further means of access control such as power switches and anti-hacking software. Disclosure of crucial information is critical in healthcare. It may have serious consequences on the patient or their relatives (Herdman, 2006). It is therefore wise to keep it as discreet as possible. In large firms with different departments, restricting disclosure to the less involved ones is a possible way of curbing disclosure. There are also restrictions of unauthorized disclosure of institutional information beyond it, mostly by export through electronic means. The issue of data alteration is a key concerning the three organizations. Altering data interferes with crucial conclusions or actions of healthcare institutions (Iyer, Levin, Shea & Ashton, 2006). Alteration occurs intentionally by malicious staff and is preventable by having monitoring systems such as CCTV cameras in safe rooms. Accidental alterations occur in some cases such as virus attacks on databases, leading to restriction of digital uses that may expose information to such. Destruction of data is likely to occur in any organization in form of crises such as fire, system failure, or virus attacks. Luckily, these are preventable by having fire-fighting equipment, computer back up systems and proper anti-virus software, or in the case of electronic data loss, data recovery mechanisms are available. It is evident that most of the policies applied in data

Pre-testing Essay Example for Free

Pre-testing Essay Pre-testing is a method that attempts to improve ideas and prototypes for submitting them to the relevant group representatives and obtaining their results before the final stage (Varkevisser, Pathmanathan Brownlee, 2003). It may also involve checking whether the material produced is appropriate for the group. It is conducted to determine which the best method to use (Kumar, 2005). Pre-testing is commonly used for methods of collecting data since other methods such as questionnaires, interviewer instructions and observation are frequently prone to subjective interpretation and may distort the results. Need for pre-testing messages and materials in communication strategy Pretest helps ensure that materials convey a clear and effective message to a program’s target audience (Paliwoda Ryan’s, 2008). It is valuable at several stages of message and material development. Some methods can be used used in early stages to test concepts while other methods are more useful when materials are close to final form. It is important to pretest the communication content that is to be produced before finalizing them(Kumar, 2005). By doing so it will give room to gauge reactions, revise the concept and communication materials or may be amend our strategy if its likely to produce undesired results. It is important to make drafts, samples or outlines of materials we intend to produce (Poscente, Rothstein Irvine, 2002). For pre-testing purposes, one can make drafts, outlines or samples of the materials we intend to develop. Subgroups of population with which pre-testing is done Subgroup analyses in addition to the total study population are common in clinical trials. It is well recognized that findings from subgroup analyses do not provide confirmatory evidence for subgroup treatment (Kumar, 2005). PRETESTING METHODS According to Kumar (2005), the most widely used pre-testing tool is the cognitive interview. The other method is central location intercept concept which purpose is to obtain many individual reactions. There is also focus group, which purpose is to obtain insights about audience concerns, beliefs, reactions, and vocabulary. Theartre testing is another method which purpose is to obtain many respondents at once, measure and recall under conditions that simulate actual viewing. There is also self-administered questionnaire, which can be mailed or personally delivered (Paliwoda Ryan’s, 2008). Omnibus survey is also used where data on a wide variety of subjects is collected during the same interview. Interpreting results from pre-testing and refining the messages Refine the most promising concepts and develop messages using your own creative briefs using your creative briefs, results from your concept testing, and a review of relevant communication and behavioral theories. Ensure that you revise the existing materials if necessary. Information messages should communicate some crucial characteristics such as accuracy, completeness, and relevancy (Paliwoda Ryan’s, 2008). REFERENCES Kumar, R, (2005). Research Methodology: a step by step guide for beginners. Vancouver: VC Sage publications Paliwoda S. J. and Ryan’s J. K. (2008). Business and economics. Massachusetts: MA, Edward Elgar, Poscente, N. , Rothstein, M. , Irvine, M. J. (2002). Using marketing research methods to evaluate a stage-specific intervention. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26, 243-251. Varkevisser C. M. , Pathmanathan I. and Brownlee A. T. (2003) Designing and conducting health systems research projects: Proposal development and fieldwork, Volume 1 Washington DC, IDRC.

Employing Typical Features of the Gothic Tradition in Frankenstein :: Gothic Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essays

Employing Typical Features of the Gothic Tradition in Frankenstein One question, which occurs to most whom have read the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelly is, which path does the novel follow? Is it that of the Classic Gothic, or of the Modern Gothic genre? Some consider Frankenstein, the first true Modern Gothic novel. Others may disagree; many people consider it a pure combination of Modern and Classic Gothic elements. You may also point out that Frankenstein does not depend entirely on the Gothic genre. Mary Shelly’s upbringing was a struggle. Her mother (Mary Wollstonecraft) died only eight days after her birth. Her father ignored her after traveling Europe with Percy Shelly. In 1815 Mary gave birth prematurely to a daughter who died soon after. In 1816 she gave birth to a young boy, William. This was the same year, which the book Frankenstein was born, and in it’s early stages. Later that year one of Mary’ half sister committed suicide. Two month’s later Percy Shelly’s wife (Harriet) drowned herself in the serpentine, Hyde Park. Both Mary’s children died soon after the publication of Frankenstein. This may have influenced Mary Shelly’s plot in Frankenstein. She is so traumatized by all the death around her, that she tries to imagine what life would be like if resurrection was possible. If the dead could be brought back to life then surly everything would life would be perfect and there would be no fear of death. Then again without a fear of death, life is meaningless. Everything you do in your life is to satisfy or fulfill yourself in the next. â€Å" In a well organized mind, death is but the next adventure.† from Harry Potter & the Philosophers Stone, describing the need for death in society. This is reflected in the novel. Classic Gothic is a straightforward method of frightening the reader. Unlike modern, it's direct. The reader knows that there is a monster, or ghost there. The character may not always be aware of this. Classic Gothic usually contains the fright of monsters or things that shouldn't be. Frankenstein is not set in an old, dull spooky castle, like most Classic Gothic novels, although you could say that it has something quite close to this. Frankenstein's laboratory is a dark, gloomy, damp old room. Most Gothic novels are likely to be set around or in a castle. Nature is used a lot to create atmosphere. The dreary, icy fields of the Alps indicate the isolation of the two main characters. There is also a struggle between good and evil throughout the story: While my right hand grasped a pistol which was hidden in my bosom; Employing Typical Features of the Gothic Tradition in Frankenstein :: Gothic Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essays Employing Typical Features of the Gothic Tradition in Frankenstein One question, which occurs to most whom have read the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelly is, which path does the novel follow? Is it that of the Classic Gothic, or of the Modern Gothic genre? Some consider Frankenstein, the first true Modern Gothic novel. Others may disagree; many people consider it a pure combination of Modern and Classic Gothic elements. You may also point out that Frankenstein does not depend entirely on the Gothic genre. Mary Shelly’s upbringing was a struggle. Her mother (Mary Wollstonecraft) died only eight days after her birth. Her father ignored her after traveling Europe with Percy Shelly. In 1815 Mary gave birth prematurely to a daughter who died soon after. In 1816 she gave birth to a young boy, William. This was the same year, which the book Frankenstein was born, and in it’s early stages. Later that year one of Mary’ half sister committed suicide. Two month’s later Percy Shelly’s wife (Harriet) drowned herself in the serpentine, Hyde Park. Both Mary’s children died soon after the publication of Frankenstein. This may have influenced Mary Shelly’s plot in Frankenstein. She is so traumatized by all the death around her, that she tries to imagine what life would be like if resurrection was possible. If the dead could be brought back to life then surly everything would life would be perfect and there would be no fear of death. Then again without a fear of death, life is meaningless. Everything you do in your life is to satisfy or fulfill yourself in the next. â€Å" In a well organized mind, death is but the next adventure.† from Harry Potter & the Philosophers Stone, describing the need for death in society. This is reflected in the novel. Classic Gothic is a straightforward method of frightening the reader. Unlike modern, it's direct. The reader knows that there is a monster, or ghost there. The character may not always be aware of this. Classic Gothic usually contains the fright of monsters or things that shouldn't be. Frankenstein is not set in an old, dull spooky castle, like most Classic Gothic novels, although you could say that it has something quite close to this. Frankenstein's laboratory is a dark, gloomy, damp old room. Most Gothic novels are likely to be set around or in a castle. Nature is used a lot to create atmosphere. The dreary, icy fields of the Alps indicate the isolation of the two main characters. There is also a struggle between good and evil throughout the story: While my right hand grasped a pistol which was hidden in my bosom;

Petition: Rhetoric and Adams Essay

Gordin Adams’ argument is effective because of his persuasive appeal to logos, pathos, and ethos. In the beginning of his petition, he starts with his general occupation and present education. Adams ends it with a clear purpose of why he entered college. From this part, he shows credibility and character. Adams adds in much more ethos to defend his claim by first representing himself as a person; the high achievements he has earned during both colleges, SCC and ASU; and the education he gained. With this amount of intelligence and awards, he grows his credibility and sets a character presented to the committee. Adams presents himself as confident, hardworking student by saying, â€Å" [he] will enter the ASU College of Law to study Indian and criminal law during the Fall of 1992 if this petition is approved.† He has a game plan and is determined to serve his tribe. Further more into the petition, he backs up his claims with job occupations and projects he has done in th e past, stating that he â€Å"used geometry and algebra commonly in the design of many welded structures.† Adams then shows he has much credibility and knows what he wants. For every question that he had about the requirements of college algebra, he uses supportive evidence to back up his argument, where he used algebra. Adams uses a large amount of ethos during the whole petition to keep the committee from loosing he’s attention. As for logos, he points out his case and claims he doesn’t need algebraic skills for his future profession. He piles up all of his achievements, awards, outstanding grades, and honors; shows information about himself. With the questions Adams thought about, he asked professors of the college to give the committee evidence, quotes, and responses. He shows them he doesn’t need algebra by backing it up with real supportive evidence of other college staffs of ASU. He â€Å"contacted Dr. _____ of the ASU Mathematics Department†, â€Å"consulted Mr. Jim ____ of the Justice College†, and then he contacted his friends who were practici ng attorneys. They responded â€Å"no† to all of Adams’ questions. From this evidence and responses, he’s able to support his argument. As for pathos, he made â€Å"a vow of moral commitment to seek out and confront injustice.† Adams sends out a emotion of loyalty, impressive, and proud. Adams also said he is the first in his family to enter college. He presents himself to the committee as outstanding individual, making them  feel impressed towards Adams. The petition says if he has it approved he will â€Å"vigorously prosecute [their] right to sovereignty before the Congress of the United States.† Adams shows he is determined and has a purpose of his life. In the ending of the petition, Adams makes the committee feel sympathy and guilt because the examples of the problems the Native Americans are experiencing and wishes to resolve them. By promising the committee that he will be faithful and assured, he shows them that ASU will have no changes of accreditatio n and wills still continue to achieve. It sends out an emotion of faith and trustworthy towards Adams from the committee. Thus, by using hard evidence, emotion appeal, and credibility, he is effective in appealing to logos, pathos, and ethos.

Analysis of “Eleven” by Cisneros Essay

Poet Maya Angelo aptly stated, â€Å"I am convinced that most people do not grow up†¦ We carry accumulation of years in our bodies, and on our faces, but generally our real selves, the children inside, are innocent and shy as magnolias. † Similarly, Sandra Cisneros’s â€Å"Eleven† illuminates the enigmatic journey of growing up through the sagacious eyes of an eleven year old child. As the speaker of this work asserts, the aging process does not eradicate a person’s previous self. Instead, it accumulates layers of one’s former years and creates a realistic portrait of one’s complete existence. Cisneros’s work illustrates mankind’s maddening, internal struggle as it ages in this manner. When life demands maturity, one inadvertently becomes the sobbing three year old, the introverted adolescent, or the awkward teen of one’s past. The speaker of this literary work, Rachel, embodies this frustrating process of growing up. Undoubtedly, Cisneros employs similes, repetition, and imagery as well as symbols and diction to characterize Rachel as she matures. The similes, repetition, and imagery utilized throughout â€Å"Eleven† vividly portray the speaker. For example, Cisneros illuminates Rachel’s development with the following comparisons: â€Å"Growing old is kind of like an onion or like the rings inside a tree trunk or like my little wooden dolls that fit one inside the other. † This illustrates the way in which each of Rachel’s years develops atop the prior one. As a result, she remains the quiet four year old who cannot express that the sweater does not belong to her and the three year-old who desperately wants to release a flood of tears as she is forced to wear the horrid red garment. Additionally, Cisneros characterizes Rachel as a child â€Å"with only eleven years rattling inside [her] like pennies in a Band-Aid box. † The randomness and disorder of loose change as it jiggles in its container mirrors Rachel’s internal turmoil. Each of the speaker’s eleven years metaphorically clatter inside her mind and struggle to become the master of her actions. Furthermore, the repetition of critical phrases contributes to Rachel’s characterization. Cisneros restates the numbers, â€Å"ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, and one†¦. †, to reiterate the concept that all of Rachel’s previous ten years remain a part of her. Interestingly, counting backwards from ten, a common juvenile chant, successfully demonstrates Rachel’s childlike character. Additionally, the repetition of the phrase â€Å"today I am eleven† reveals Rachel’s vehement desire to suppress the previous years of her youth which embody a maddening immaturity. However, the speaker’s resolute, repetitive assertion that she is eleven highlights Rachel’s struggle to remind herself that she is transitioning into her eleventh year. Thus, her apparently juvenile behavior illustrates that Rachel is a culmination of each of her prior years. In addition, the repetition of the phrase â€Å"not mine† further illuminates Rachel’s inner toddler years. Finally, Cisneros use of imagery vividly depicts Rachel. For example, she describes her with the following vibrant lines: â€Å"My face all hot and spit coming out of my mouth because I can’t stop making those little animal noises, my whole head hurts like when you drink milk too fast. † This creates the portrait of the teary-eyed, red-faced Rachel and connects to the reader’s senses of touch, sight, taste, and hearing. Hence, literary devices masterfully demonstrate Rachel’s character throughout â€Å"Eleven. † Moreover, Cisneros employs symbols and diction to aptly characterize Rachel. First, the red sweater serves as a crucial symbol in this work of prose. Essentially, this contemptible garment embodies the previous years that remain within Rachel. Cisneros writes the following description of this repulsive sweater: â€Å"It’s an ugly sweater†¦with the collar and sleeves all stretched out like you could use it as a jump-rope. † In addition, the speaker cringes as she places one arm â€Å"through one sleeve of the sweater that smells like cottage cheese. † As Rachel glares at this symbolic garb, its sleeves evidently illustrate the eight or nine year old child within her who enjoyed the puerile pastime of jumping rope. Additionally, the cottage cheese stench of this garment is reminiscent of the peculiar scents that a younger child may often carry. Furthermore, as she shoves the sweater to the â€Å"tippy-tip corner† of her desk, it hangs â€Å"over the edge like a waterfall. † As this expression demonstrates, Rachel’s emotions spill from her just as the significant red garment tumbles from the desk. Moreover, the age of eleven is a symbolic element throughout the author’s short story. This age is typically regarded as a frustrating period positioned between the adolescent and teen years. Similarly, Rachel remains trapped between the maturity of her eleventh year and the juvenility of her previous self. For example, Rachel’s eleven year old mind recognizes the blatant injustice of Mrs. Price’s actions who forces her to accept the contemptible red sweater. However, as Rachel opens her mouth, her four year old self stutters an ineffective denial. In addition, the diction of this work contributes to the author’s portrayal of Rachel. Cisneros writes in the simple speech of a young girl. For instance, Rachel utilizes run-on sentences and childlike phrases such as â€Å"not mine,† â€Å"tippy-tip,† â€Å"all itchy,† and â€Å"that stupid Phyllis Lopez. † This deliberate style reminds the reader that Rachel is a little girl despite her wish to be â€Å"one hundred and two. † Also, â€Å"one hundred and two† exhibits typical childish exaggeration. Additionally, the author’s diction allows readers to experience thisgh situation from the perspective of an eleven year old. For instance, Cisneros describes Rachel’s indignation with the following lines: â€Å"That stupid Phyllis Lopez, who is even dumber than Sylvia Saldivar, says she remembers the red sweater is hers. I take it off right away and give it to her, only Mrs. Price pretends like everything’s okay. † This amplification of the incident allows readers to grasp the traumatic impact of this event on Rachel. Therefore, the symbols and diction of â€Å"Eleven† aptly depict Rachel’s character. Unquestionably, literary devices such as similes, repetition, imagery, symbols, and diction deftly contribute to the characterization of Rachel. Cisneros draws an enlightening parallel between development and the formation of layers within an onion or tree. Additionally, the repetition of childlike phrases such as â€Å"not mine† demonstrates that each of Rachel’s prior years remains within her as she matures. Also, the brilliant imagery of this literary work solidifies the reader’s visualization of Rachel. Moreover, the symbolic red sweater as well as the age of eleven further corroborates this central message. Finally, the puerile diction of this writing masterfully allows readers to comprehend the conflict that Rachel experiences in the tween year of eleven. Certainly, Cisneros effectively illustrates Rachel’s disillusionment as she realizes that she can neither make her voice be heard nor silence her childlike instincts at age eleven.

5 Interesting Facts About the Medici Coat of Arms

5 Interesting Facts About the Medici Coat of Arms The Medici have long been associated with balls. Their family emblem - five red balls and one blue on a gold shield - is prominently displayed on buildings all over Florence and Tuscany which have Medicean connections or which were financed with Medici money. Some examples of where you can see them outside of Florence are Piazza Grande in Montepulciano and Piazza del Campo in Siena. In fact, the coat of arms was so widespread that one outraged contemporary of Cosimo il Vecchio declared, He has emblazoned even the monks privies with his balls. To prepare you for your trip to Tuscany (or just to add some historical fodder to your next conversation in Italian), here are five cocktail party facts about the Medici coat of arms. Five Facts About the Medici Coat of Arms 1.) One origin story for the coat of arms comes from a giant named Mugello. The Medici family crest has long been the object of much historical speculation. The most romantic (and far-fetched) explanation of the origin of the palle is that the balls are actually dents in a shield, inflicted by the fearsome giant Mugello on one of Charlemagnes knights, Averardo (from whom, legend claims, the family were descended). The knight eventually vanquished the giant and, to mark his victory, Charlemagne permitted Averardo to use the image of the battered shield as his coat of arms. 2.) Other origin stories for the coat of arms represent pills  and money. Others say the balls had less exalted origins: that they were pawnbrokers coins or medicinal pills (or cupping glasses) that recalled the familys origins as doctors (medici) or apothecaries. Others say they are bezants, Byzantine coins, inspired by the arms of the Arte del Cambio (or the Guild of Moneychangers, the bankers organization to which the Medici belonged). I’ve also read that the balls are meant to represent gold bars, again  representing their profession as bankers,  as many frescoes and works of art in Florence depict gold bars as originally being formed as balls. 3.) If you were a supporter of the Medici family, you might be seen enthusiastically yelling â€Å"Palle! Palle! Palle!† In times of danger, Medicean supporters were rallied with cries of Palle! Palle! Palle!, a reference to the balls (palle) on their armorial bearings. 4.) The number of balls on the shield changed over the years. Originally there were 12 balls. In Cosimo dà © Medicis time, it was seven, the ceiling of San Lorenzos Sagrestia Vecchi has eight, Cosimo Is tomb in the Cappelle Medicee has five, and Ferdinando Is coat of arms in the Forte di Belvedere has six. The number six remained stable after 1465. 5.) The blue ball has the symbol of the kings of France on it - three golden lilies. It’s said that Louis XI had a debt with the Medici family and in order to reduce his debts, he allowed the bank to use his symbol, giving the Medici bank more clout among the people.

Puzzled how to write a character sketch Ask us!

Puzzled how to write a character sketch Ask us! Complete Guide on Writing a Character Sketch We all want our written works to be not only engaging but also full of life and vivid. It is a great intention, but not every student knows how to achieve such an important goal. Most of them are not aware that a wrong approach may only harm the story, especially if you don’t know your characters well enough. In most of the cases, outstanding stories are character-oriented and experienced writers know it very well. If the characters are boring or even absent, the story will not be interesting at all. So if you want to succeed, your characters should have the leading role, showing the story what direction to go. To achieve this, you must know your character from A to Z. And the best way to know the character is to start with writing a character sketch. Character Sketch Definition A character sketch is a brief and comprehensive description of a person that aims to introduce the reader to certain attributes of a character: whether it is physical appearance, behavior under different circumstances, thoughts and experiences that impact actions in future. In other words, it is a description of a character, which is needed for the success of the story. Your main goal is to provide the audience with a clear image of the character, which is necessary for your story. Description of the chosen character should answer all of the questions that the audience may have. Including: What are the physical features of the characters? What is the story behind the characters? In what psychological state the characters are? What are their goals, emotions, and fears? How do they communicate? What are their main life aspirations? How can the story benefit from such information? These questions are not compulsory but yet very advisable if you want to understand your characters. There is no single and accepted pattern of writing a character sketch because everything depends on the goals you are pursuing and the format of the story. However, below we will explain what to include to your sketch and what things to avoid. Just answer a series of questions about the character, and you will get all the data you may need! What Are the Physical Features of the Character? When you think of your character, physical appearance may not be the first thing that comes to your mind although you need to have a clear image of how your character looks like. Any time you make a new acquaintance you notice a few details (if the stranger is not wearing a mask): face, height, hair, body type and attire. Imagine that you need to tell your friends or relatives about a special meeting. How would you start? For example: Hello Anna, today I met a man at the gas station. He looked so handsome in plain jeans and a t-shirt with a superhero logo. He is very tall and has curly brown hair just like Uncle Sam! I guess he is a doctor because there was a big folder with medical histories in his hands.   Probably he was leaving the hospital. In the example above you have told Anna (your friend or sister) about man’s age, his body type, possible occupation and also noticed a resemblance with your Uncle Sam. You may have talked to him, but you will most likely remember the physical appearance and details of clothes, and not his name or the way he talked. If you meet that man at the hospital or any other place, you can just start the conversation: Hello, I guess I saw you two days ago at the gas station. You were wearing a funny t-shirt and held a pile of medical histories. As you see, physical appearance and attributes can create a broader picture of the first impression. So if you want to skip this important stage to dive into the character’s psychological world at once, you risk of losing a big part of the story. Appearance and emotions are inseparable, and you need to give readers a chance to imagine how the character looks like in order to understand the story better. Describing appearance is one of the first steps in creating a character sketch. What’s Your Character Busy with? Your readers will always be interested in what your character is up to (unless he dies in the first chapter). This aspect is as important as describing physical appearance. The audience should know what the character is busy with when you introduce him for the first time. Providing such details helps readers to evaluate other important aspects of the story: time and setting, location and much more. Let’s imagine that your character is a medical intern and he sleeps on a shift. The reason may be that he had a rough night, arguing with his girlfriend or he is simply lazy. Of course, you will want to tell the reader why your intern is asleep in the workplace. Will he be fired? What will the consequences be? As you see, such details may give your story further direction. Your character’s sketch should also reflect the actions or inactions of the person and how they impact the plot. A sleepy intern will surely be a bad example for others. You can draw a picture of how his alarm clock wakes him up, and he rushes to admission’s desk. Remember, your sketch should contain a detailed description of the character’s actions. That is exactly how the plot evolves. Why is your character sitting over textbooks late after midnight? Why is he constantly distracted by smartphone notifications during a date? Your description needs to explain the actions of the character. In such a way you will help the audience to understand what part the character will occupy in a bigger story. What Are His/Her Emotions? Every character has a certain emotional state. Of course, emotions may vary, and every person may go from positive to very angry in a matter of seconds. However, such a switch is usually caused by different experiences. You may stick to several dominant emotions that determine your character’s outlook on life. Are they positive? What things make them happy? Do they often experience anxiety? Do they feel themselves a part of the community? What fears do they have? Are they playing by the common rules? When you need to describe the emotions and behavior of the character further in the story, you can refer to your sketch and person’s dominant emotions. Now, when you add emotional state to your character’s sketch, you should be sure that these details are relevant to your story. Make sure that you are not simply stating emotions that people feel but also showing the reader by inserting dialogs, actions, and thoughts of the character. For example, if your character is happy and positive, he won’t be angry with a broken tire. He will just come up with a solution and will go on through the day. Referring to dominant emotions is a great way to develop the plot and to make your story interesting and engaging. Does Your Character Need a Name? Even if the character appears only episodically, he will need a name. If you decide to write a sketch, it means that the character is important and you definitely need to give him a name. In addition, your readers may need to refer him further in the story. Don’t worry, you may change that name in the future, so there is no need to spend days on choosing a proper one. However, there are multiple online catalogs, which may greatly simplify the process of choosing a name. Some websites offer users to choose a name depending on gender, ethnicity or even time period. You can also choose a meaningful name that will contribute to the story. In addition, you can always give your character a nickname that will explain the background of the person or some of the hobbies he has. The Story Behind the Character As you remember, character sketch aims to guide the reader through a bigger story. That is why you need to create details that will give your readers background information. At a certain point, your plot may require such information: character’s birthplace, childhood experiences and how they influenced adult personality. You may not need such information more than once, but it will surely help you to create a true story. If your goal is not to generate tens of unanswered questions, it is better to be ready and give all the answers that readers may need. If you find it challenging to create a background story of the character, you can think of a person you know that is similar to the character you are describing. It may be a friend or a family member that will inspire you and will help to create a true story of the past. Your main goal is to make such a story believable. For example, if the character doesn’t like people, he was probably hurt in the past and now is trying to distance from others not to experience that pain again. The audience is always willing to know what experience and situations made characters to get where they are now. At first, it may be quite challenging to write a character’s sketch, but it will become much easier if you practice. In case you don’t have time, don’t worry! There are professional writing companies that are ready to help. Important Details Even if you think that your character sketch is ready, there may still be pieces of important information that can occur when working on a bigger story. When they appear, don’t forget to write them down and add to your character sketch. In most of the cases, stories write themselves, so you won’t simply be able to work on all of the details before writing the story itself. The next time an interesting detail or fact comes up you only need to write it down. You can easily forget them, and it will only harm the story, so don’t trust your memory and keep all the thoughts on paper. What may these details include? For example, things that distinguish your character from others and how these differences lead to an argument. The same applies to similarities of the person to others and how these similarities contributed to creating better communication with other characters of the story. Remember, you should always include maximum details, because they will enrich the story and explain readers the motives of various characters and their impact on the plot. Things to Keep in Mind A character sketch is a sort of a guideline of the story. Its main goal is to help the author to understand the character in order to introduce them to the audience. Not all of the elements of the sketch will be included to the story, but you still need to make sure that it contains all of the necessary details, like gender, age, body type, height, birth country, dominant emotions and so on. You should also keep in mind that some of the elements of your sketch may be transmitted through the actions.   You may not simply declare that your character loves reading but tell how he postponed a date to finish reading an interesting novel. Or how he spent two days of vacation in a local library instead of sunbathing on the beach. As a result, you will create a character that will develop the story and will help it to evolve. You will understand the character, his actions and what consequences those actions may have. Remember, the main purpose of a character sketch is to create a comprehensive, character-based and reliable story that the audience will admire.

3D in Internet Produce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3D in Internet Produce - Assignment Example visual platform.We are meaning to demonstrate that 3D training provides faster, more efficient, and a safe process that can be specifically tailored to the trainee.Two graphic artists are planed to partake in the design of the user interface for the template design.One person will focus on functional aspect of the interface design,while the other will work in collaboration to create the sample training template environment to be modified to suit a given type of training.Our research project will particularly investigate tactile sensors in the 3D industry and their potential in facilitating the user interaction with the virtual world generated via the template to give the impression of real live manipulation.Virtual 3D environments have the potential to significantly affect the way we manipulate and retrieve information.In researching ways to impact training via 3D interaction and interfacing we are also investigating possible axioms for object-oriented 3D internet capable of being ac cessed, constructed, and modified on the fly. The impact the upcoming generations may be as significant as the internet was on the current generation or generation X. (b) Significance of Research Question (if applicable) Explain briefly why you believe your central research question is with answering (its expected contribution to existing scholarship about art or design, and its relation to your own proposed studio research) The basic hypothesis for being able to generate 3D templates for training could literally apply to any aspect of learning and thereby offer a virtually limitless array of possibilities for the development of electronic art and design. 3. How will it be

Hedgehog signaling regulates bladder cancer growth and tumorigenicity Research Paper

Hedgehog signaling regulates bladder cancer growth and tumorigenicity - Research Paper Example For the embryo cells to develop properly they receive the information they require from the hedgehog signaling pathway. The concentration of these proteins differs from one part of the embryo to the other. Hedgehogs homologous are three in mammals’ .Scientists have majorly progressed in the study of the Sonic Hedgehog. The other hedgehogs include the Desert hedgehog and the Indian hedgehog. Recently more advanced studies and research show that hedgehog signaling is involved in regeneration and maintenance of adult tissues in regulation of adult stem cells. Analyses have also shown that the pathway is also involved in the development of certain cancer cells. Emerging concepts indicate that tumors are an analogous to these adult tissues which are self renewing. Their maintainer is a group of unique stem cells. Cancer cells have their unique characteristics which easily define them. The best defined characteristics are tumorigenic properties with high differentiating potential an d are self renewing hence regenerating cellular heterogeneity of original patient tumors. In order to maintain their self renewal and differentiating potential adult stem and embryonic cells with respect to their inherent nature keep their pathways active which are always down regulated on differentiation. The following are some of the pathways involved; Signal transducer, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch Signaling, Stat3 Signaling and Wnt catenin. However research shows that all the above pathways are also activated by various cancers. This indicates that they take part in the renewal of cancer stem cells. Human cancer is extremely complex in its development in that heterogeneity is rather common in the active pathways amongst patients. Laboratory results by some of the professionals reveal that only a group of related patients correlate to activation of a certain pathway. Wnt signaling pathway is a complex network of protein s that works with the receptors. In both embryotic and adult cells it regulates communication between the cells. In the mouse it was identified as one of the genes involved in breast cancer. Mutations in this pathway can be terribly dangerous since they can contribute to the development of cancer in adults. The normal state of Wnt pathway is default repression, under its association with axin, APC complex and GSK-3 to target bete-catenin leading to ubiquitination degradation. In any case when mutations damage this pathway it no longer controls beta-catenin. Research proves that beta-catenin is found in breast and lung cancer. It also confers self renewal of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in blood cancer. The Notch receptor has a large extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. Ligands for the Notch receptors are proteins being expressed in the surface of the adjacent cells, and the primary target of notch signaling is activation of the transcription factor SuH in Drosophila species or CBF-1 in mammals. Though the mechanism by which the Notch transmits signals has not been worked out positively, it appears to be fairly different from other receptors. Current evidence suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of the notch is proteolytically cleaved and the translocated to nucleus, where it interacts directly with transcription factors. The tumor neclosis factor family of receptors has a conserved cysteine-rich region found in the extracellular do

Analysis and Evaluation of Current Curricula to Improve Student Coursework

Analysis and Evaluation of Current Curricula to Improve Student Learning and Success - Coursework Example nificant impacts to the overall development of the students both academically and socially, hence the need for the assessment and the need for simultaneous transformational within the institution’s curriculum. As such, this manuscript will assess the curriculum of Centervale University, and evaluate the diversity aspects of the courses, and thereby propose transformational measures, endeavored at improving diversity. The manuscript will look into the community college section of the institution. The college section’s mission is to produce competent graduates that are well acquainted with academic, as well as social aspects, suitable for the job market. The institution’s vision is to advance its courses that include sciences, arts and other courses while incorporating the social aspects that promote diversity to place them for employment (Lindsay & Blanchett, 2011). The document employs the Comprehensive Curriculum Assessment Plan (CCAP) model to review both the academic and other curricula aspects of the college, in its endeavor to improve diversity. From the assessment, various elements are critical within the organization. It is evident that numerous universities across the region (including Centervale build their curricula, with a key consideration of the local students. This aspect disregards the facts that, owing to development and expansion, these institutions ought to grow, thereby creating a significant gap for the diverse students they ought to enroll (Basit & Tomlinson, 2012). This creates significant challenges to the foreign students and gives unwarranted advantages to the locals. As such, the foreign students experience bias, and this elicits discrimination, and hinders diversity, as it is evident in Centervale University. The University of Centervale does not incorporate enough courses that promote the diversity through the open admission of its various schools. This has critically affected diversity and equally among its growing number of

Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies

Quantitative And Qualitative Methodologies This essay analyses the key viewpoints underpinning the theory and critically evaluate the suitability of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to undertake an empirical research into procurement practice through a literature review. However the way in which research is conducted may be conceived of in terms of the research philosophy subscribed to, the research strategy employed and so the research instruments utilised in the pursuit of a goal the research objectives and the quest for the solution of a problem the research question. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the research philosophy in relation to other philosophies; expound the research strategy, including the research methodologies and techniques that suits the proposed research aim (Jankowicz 2003a; Stevenson and Cooper 1997) The essay discusses the research philosophies; set out the approaches to research positivist and interpretivist; quantitative and qualitative studies, and how they are mixed. Denzin and Lincoln (1998) state that a research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analysed and used. The term epistemology (what is known to be true) as opposed to doxology (what is believed to be true) encompasses the various philosophies of research approach. Holden and Lynch (2004) argue that depending where the researcher sits on the continuum of these two extremes, their ontological stance will influence their core assumptions concerning the epistemology and human nature (Holden and Lynch 2004). However, Guyer and Wood (1998) argue that the purpose of science, then, is the process of transforming things believed into known: doxa to episteme. Creswell (2007) argue that before any type of research methodology or strategy is chosen, there should be a definition of what information is needed to respond to the research question. It is important to make explicit why one choose to collect information on a certain subject and not on another, and why choose to treat this case in the study and not the other (Creswell 2007). The research paradigm provides accepted methods of collecting data. The term paradigm refers to the progress of scientific practice based on peoples philosophies and assumptions about the world and the nature of knowledge (Collis and Hussey 2003, p:46) However, Jankowicz (2005) pointed out that the researcher must understand their own ontological position because it will determine what evidence is collected and what evidence is set aside in building the research argument, which is to do with ones epistemology. In the field of social science where the proposed research aim Supplier Relationship Management fits into, there has been increasing debate regarding the research methods and theory construction. Bryman et al (2008). Fish (1990) focused on the distinctions between and relative merits of the traditional objective or positivist approach and the alleged subjective approaches variously described as naturalistic, qualitative, phenomenological, and most recently interpretive. (Fish and Dorris 1990). Giorgi (1971) characterised traditional scientific approach as reductionistic, in reducing phenomena to operational definitions; deterministic, in that all phenomena are believed to have causes which can be duplicated; predictive, in that the goal is to predict behaviour; observer independent, in that the researcher tries not to influence the data; empirical, in that only observable data are to be examined; repeatable, so that the research can be replicated by other investigators; quantitative, in that the phenomena should be described in a measurable terms. So, traditional research examines variables in order to predict behaviour. (Giorgi, 1971) Giorgi (1971:21) posits that the essential question for the human science is not how do we measure phonomena? but rather, what do the phenomena mean? Hirschheim et al. (1985) state that both research traditions start in Classical Greek times with Plato and Aristotle (positivists) on the one hand, and the sophists (anti-positivists) on the other. After long, dark periods in European scientific thought, the renaissance of the discipline came in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (Hirschheim and Klein 1985). Sandberg (2004) as referred to in Weber (2004), state that the alleged differences between positivist and interpretive research approaches can be characterised in a number of ways. One could argue whether Sandberg characterisation would be accepted widely. However, before the two different approaches are analysed their differences needs to be explored (Weber 2004). Weber (2004) describes how positivism and interpretivism supposedly differ in terms of their various metatheoretical assumptions. Morgan and Smircich (1980) argues that the subjectivist ontological position maintains that reality does not exist outside oneself, that ones mind is ones world, hence reality is all imagination. The polemic position to that of the subjectivist is the objectivist ontological position, which is one of realism (Morgan and Smircich 1980) Weber (2004) asserts this argument and stated that positivist supposedly believe that reality is separate from the individual who observes it. They apparently consider subject (the researcher) and object (the phenomena in the world that are their focus) to be two separate, independent things. In short, positivistic ontology is alleged to be dualistic in nature. In contrast, interpretivists believe that reality and the individual who observes it cannot be separate (Weber 2004). In a nutshell, that the perceptions about the world are inextricably bound to a stream of experiences that one has had throughout our lives. The life-world has both subjective an objective characteristics. According to Holden and Lynch (2004) objectivists contend the world will still exist as an empirical entity, made up of hard tangible and relatively immutable structures, independent of the cognitive efforts of individuals. The objective characteristics reflect what one constantly negotiates this meaning with others with whom people interact. In other words, it is objective in the sense that it reflects an intersubjective reality (Holden and Lynch 2004). Kuhn (1970) added, for positivists the objects they research have qualities that exists independent of the researcher. However, interpretivists believe that the qualities they ascribe to the objects they research are socially constructed they are product of their life-worlds. (Kuhn, T. S. (1970) Lee (1989) and Dubà © et al (2003) assert this argument and state that positivists tend to use laboratory experiments, field experiments, and surveys as their preferred research methods. They seek large amount of empirical data that they can analyze statistically to detect underlying regularities. In the other hand, interpretivists tend to use case studies, ethnographic studies, phenomenographic studies, and ethnomethodological studies as their preferred research methods (Weber 2004). Easterby-Smith et al (1991) argue that objectivist content that the relationship between man and society is deterministic, we are born into a world in which there are causal laws that explain patterns of our social behaviour. Alternatively, Dubà © (2003) argues that a statement made by a researcher is true when it has a one-to-one mapping to the reality that exists beyond the human mind (a correspondence theory of truth). On the other hand, interpretivists subscribe to a notion of truth whereby a researchers initial interpretation of some phenomenon conforms to the meaning given to the phenomenon through the researchers lived experience of it (Weber 2004). Searle (1999) find the alleged differences between positivist and interpretivist in relation to ontology to be vacuous. He admits that some kind of reality exists beyond our perception of it! Kuhn (1970) recognises the inherent limitations of the knowledge they seek to build. Positivists understand fully that their culture, experience, history, and so on impact the research work they undertake and thus the results of their work. In Kuhns (19970) view, irrespective of whether researchers believe in an objective reality that exists beyond the human mind or a socially constructed reality, all accept that the artefacts they build to understand the world (theories, frameworks, constructs, etc) are socially constructed. Kuhn (1970) goes on to argue that research is a continuous journey to find improved ways to understand this reality. It is apparent from Lee (1989) and Dubà © (2003) argument that positivists researchers fully understand that we have no way of knowing the world as it really is, at least for the moment. In this light, pragmatically they can place little value on a theory of truth that relies on the level of correspondence between research statements they make and an unknowable thing (Weber 2004). Dubà © (2003) added, there are no differences between positivist notions of validity and interpretivist notions of validity. The position of the Author in this debate leans toward notion that tries to measure reality in a research. There is no way of knowing reality, so how can one know whether his measure of reality, whatever reality might be, is valid? What is believed to be a reality at one particular point in time, may change, for example, with new knowledge, at a later point in time, therefore it was never a true reality originally then! Fundamentally, the Author sees little difference in positivist and interpretivist notions of reliability. Both groups of researches are concerned ultimately with the idea of replicability. In the case of positivists, the strategies and methods for achieving replicability are more straightforward because the research methods they tend to use are well-defined and routinized. Weber (2004) argue that in the case of interpretivists, replicability is a more-difficult goal to achieve because the research methods they tend to use are less well-defined and the subjective nature of interpretation is acknowledged explicitly. For these reasons, interpretivists try to lay out clearly their research methods and ways in which they have achieved certain kinds of interpretations. (Weber, 2004). Klein and Myers (1999) questioned whether there is any difference between positivism and interpretivism. The Author believes that the differences lie more in the choice of the research methods rather than any substantive differences at a methatheoretical level. In this regard, researchers who labelled themselves as positivists tend to use certain kinds of research methods in their work experiments, surveys, and field studies. Interpretivists, on the other hand, tend to use other kinds of research methods in their work case studies, ethnographic studies, phenomenographic studies, and ethnomethodological studies (Klein and Myers 1999). The researcher believes that there are large-scale social forces affecting and influencing individuals interpretations and behaviour (Collis and Hussey 2003). Although there are a number of variations in terminology, the majority of literature appear to use the terminology positivist to describe the quantitative approach, which is objective in nature as mentioned in this essay, and employs inductive research methods; and interpretivist to describe the quantitative approach which is subjective in nature and employs deductive research methods. (Davies, 1968). The issue of quality and quality criteria in social science research is a topic that has become increasingly prominent in methodological discussions in recent years. Gurtler and Huber (2006) argue that qualitative and quantitative methodology textbooks as well as research reports often use ambiguous language in the sense that many formulations cannot be assigned unequivocally to one of the main methodological orientations (Gurtler and Huber 2006). However, Gilmore and Carson (1996) argue that the adaptability and flexibility of qualitative research methods and techniques throughout the entire research process have many advantages. For example, at an early exploratory stage of research, qualitative methods allow the researcher to become familiar with the area(s) of interest, explore the fields and consider the dimensions involved because of their open-ended, non-pre-ordained nature (Gilmore and Carson 1996). Cohen and Manion (1994) as referred in Milliken (2001), who identified two competing views of the social sciences, modify this perspective. One view posits that social sciences are essentially the same as natural sciences and are therefore concerned with discovering natural and universal laws regulating and determining individual and social behaviour (Milliken 2001). The other view emphasises how people differ from inanimate natural phenomena and from each other, while sharing the rigour of the natural sciences and the same concern of traditional social science to describe and explain human behaviour. Hunt (1994) supported by Van Eijkelenburg (1995) argued that it is time for the advocates of both qualitative and qualitative methods to declare a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rhetorical cease-fire (Van Eijkelenburg 1995). Kirk and Miller (1986) advocated that qualitative research is implicitly orientated to the question of validity. The polemic approach to quantitative research is qualitative research. Medawar (1969) argues It is no use looking to scientific papers for they not only merely conceal but actively misrepresent the reasoning that goes into the work they describe (Medawar 1969). However, Crescentini and Mainnardi (2009) state that what makes a research question a qualitative one is precisely the nature of this combination: qualitative goals are different from quantitative ones, and qualitative questions are asked in a particular way and refer to qualitative contents. The peculiarities of qualitative goals reside in the way the question is framed a need to describe, verify or understand. A qualitative research question must explore a qualitative argument in a qualitative way. The question has to be grounded in a qualitative argument. (Crescentini and Mainnardi 2009) Some literatures suggest that there is quite often a mismatch between the rationale for combining quantitative and qualitative research and how it is used in practice. (Bryman 2009). Fisher (2004) makes an interesting observation on the subject of mixing methods. If you take a realist stance, then aspects of an interpretivist approach could be brought in as useful adjunct to the research. But they also claim that the reverse is not true. If you are doing interpretivist research, then there is no way that an element of realism (or more seriously an element of positivism) can add to it. This is because of the positivists view of the world i.e. things are real and can be measured, which would totally contradict the interpretivist perspective of the world. Robson (1993) argues that triangulation in its various forms, or multiple methods, of obtaining information can be valuable if two sources give the same message, then to some extent they cross-validate each other and provide a means of testing one source of information against other sources which results in more credible results. According to Denzin (1978:291) triangulation as a form of combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon has become more widely accepted now as a means of ensuring validity. There is a distinct tradition in the literature on social science research methods that advocates the use of multiple methods. This form of research strategy is usually described as one of convergent methodology, multimethod/multitrait (Campbell and Fiske, 1959). Jick (1979) argue that these various notions share the conception that qualitative and quantitative methods should be viewed as complementary rather than as rival camps. In fact, most textbooks underscore the desirability of mixing methods given the strengths and weaknesses found in single method designs. Yet those who most strongly advocate triangulation (e.g., Webb et al., 1966; Smith, 1975; Denzin 1978) fail to indicate how this prescribed triangulation is actually performed and accomplished. However, Gill and Johnson (2002) claim that multi methods are infrequently applied mainly due to the fact that multi methods are extremely time consuming and can be costly. Indeed, they argue that where methods are well separated from one another, this approach would be impracticable (op cit). Despite this view, Easterby-Smith et at (1991) argue that in recent decades there has been a move towards researchers developing methods and approaches (triangulation) that provide a middle ground and some bridging between the two extreme viewpoints. Triangulation of methods certainly appears to be gaining support and as Hussey and Hussey (1997) point out, triangulation can overcome the potential bias and sterility of single method approaches. Rohner (1977) argue that in all various triangulations designs one basic assumption is buried. The effectiveness of triangulation rests on the premise that the weaknesses in each single method will be compensated by the counter-balancing strengths of another. The proposed research aim, as mentioned early in this essay, is the Supplier Relationship Management. As the research will require use of e-survey, semi-structured and structured interview the mixed method approach revealed to be the most suitable. There are both quantitative and qualitative research elements in the research. There are quantitative data deriving from the e-survey and there are qualitative data deriving from answers to open questions in the e-survey and the semi-structured interviews. The chief rational for using this combination of sources of data is that it was felt from the literature review for this essay, that a complete picture could not be generated by any one method alone. Each source of data represents an important piece in a jigsaw. (Bryman, et al 2008).