Sample SSAT Essay Questions - How to Prepare

<h1>Sample SSAT Essay Questions - How to Prepare</h1><p>Sample SSAT article questions can be helpful in explaining certain zones of your application. Nonetheless, similarly as with some other test, there are various kinds of inquiries accessible. So as to get the most ideal outcomes, you ought to pick a rundown of test addresses that is far reaching enough to assist you with responding to the paper inquiries of the testing organization. Fortunately countless these papers tests are totally free!</p><p></p><p>The most effortless approach to this is to discover some example articles or compose your own. Ensure that you pick the ones that incorporate numerous decision choices to ensure that you comprehend the test. Recall that the rundown of test question answers doesn't reveal to you which region of the article is secured by each question, so you should do a touch of research to guarantee that you comprehend what each segment requires. Regardles s of whether you have no past composing experience, you can normally discover practice tips that disclose how to compose an essay.</p><p></p><p>When picking the exposition questions, recollect that you ought to be particular. Truth be told, you should choose just the ones that you are generally sure about and which you feel will give you the most obvious opportunity at finishing the assessment. In this way, how might you recognize those inquiries that are probably going to be hard for you?</p><p></p><p>First, the expositions must be composed utilizing a particular setting. A genuine case of this is to compose a general exposition in a serious science field with a comprehension of the topic. Utilizing a similar exposition arrangement can assist you with composing better papers and improve your essay.</p><p></p><p>It additionally assists with utilizing someone else's composing style to check for consistency. For i nstance, in the event that you see sections that appear to run into one another and end suddenly, or on the off chance that you see an opening and shutting that appear to be excessively unexpected, this may be a sign that the article is one of the ones that will be trying for you. On the off chance that you work out a draft, ensure that you rehash it a few times to ensure that it streams accurately. You ought to consistently ensure that each passage streams legitimately and meets the necessities for each question.</p><p></p><p>Another approach to decide whether you are getting acceptable papers from your decision of test SSAT article questions is to peruse the appropriate responses yourself. Ensure that you comprehend what every individual answer does. This will permit you to decide which article is the most hard to compose for you.</p><p></p><p>The most significant thing to recollect is that you ought to be exhaustive when you pick te st SSAT paper questions. You should audit the entirety of the inquiries altogether and attempt to figure out which ones are best for you dependent on your degree of composing abilities. By following these tips, you ought to get a ton of work on composing the papers that you should traverse the exam.</p>

Why Is Paper Services Important?

<h1>Why Is Paper Services Important?</h1><p>Ever since the PC appeared, the paper administrations have seen exceptional changes. Paper has been supplanted by electronic information, for example, messages, photos, pictures, and recordings. It has become the favored strategy for monitoring every day exchanges in the workplace.</p><p></p><p>The developing interest for paper administrations has prompted the development of specific administrations from enormous modern organizations, which gives an assortment of paper arrangements, including cleaning, naming, record checking, bundling, and so forth. In many associations, this sort of administrations is considered as a fundamental piece of the work forms. The quantity of paper administrations has additionally expanded with the appearance of web innovation. This has additionally expanded the requirement for productive, present day paper services.</p><p></p><p>Paper administrat ions incorporate numerous things that can be helpful to associations. A portion of these administrations are:</p><p></p><p>Paper taking care of and the board administrations are found everywhere enterprises where individuals from various offices to cooperate to deal with and keep up paper records. This procedure is generally exceptionally dull for a few however it is vital on the grounds that there is a need to compose these archives as per explicit prerequisites. What's more, it is essential to audit each record as it comes with the goal that an appropriate paper perusing can be made.</p><p></p><p>Office chiefs can exploit these administrations since they will discover them helpful for improving their efficiency. For instance, on the off chance that a record should be shared to a paper shredder, at that point this archive can be gotten to in a document and shared likewise. This would spare time and vitality as the workplace chief won' t have to go to the paper shredder, or some other comparable help, to recover these archives. The fact of the matter is, these administrations can help the workplace chief spare a great deal of time and vitality, in this way expanding the productivity.</p><p></p><p>Another angle to consider with regards to paper administrations is that of shipping paper records. Since most office laborers are presently utilizing email to deal with their records, the requirement for paper transport has additionally expanded. Therefore, the paper administrations have created to deal with paper transportation and conveyance as well.</p><p></p><p>Paper administrations are considered as fundamental in the present business condition. They can improve the profitability of the organization and may likewise be utilized to additionally help the reality. This could be the motivation behind why organizations keep on looking for these services.</p>

A Reason To Go To College Essay Sample

A Reason To Go To College Essay SampleThe purpose of this article is to give you a reason to go to college essay sample. Some people assume that college essays are just one big long yawn. While, a college essay might be long and boring, it still does have some purpose.A college essay sample can serve two purposes: to either help you write the best essay you've ever written, or to let the reader know that you're ready to take the next step in your academic life. It's really a great idea to learn how to make your own essay. Most people spend thousands of dollars on tutors, but if you're looking for a way to learn without spending any money, then a college essay sample is your answer.Every college student that is going to be attending school for the first time will require the basic information that the school will ask of them. In order to meet the admission requirements, most schools require you to send in a college essay sample that is an original work of the student.The reason why a lot of students are concerned about their writing when they're trying to get into college is because they don't have any idea what to write about. They want to write something that is unique, but they are afraid to do so. They just think that there isn't enough time in the day to prepare the kind of writing that will help them meet the admissions requirements. That's why this essay sample guide was created.The one lesson you must remember if you're going to go to college and want to make sure that you meet the admissions requirements is that the common essay topic does not mean that you will be accepted. Many students have been accepted for essays that fall into one of the other common essay topics. Just think about it - the average composition usually covers a very common subject, such as 'A Story'My PersonalJourney' which is a very common subject for admissions essays.The purpose of a college essay sample is to show your ability to create a memorable, interesting and thought provo king essay. This is the key to winning the competition. You need to make your essay unique and creative enough to stand out from the crowd.One of the easiest ways to write an essay for college is to first start with a topic that is personal and meaningful to you. If you want to write an essay on your grandfather's life, write about what it was like being in his life and how you are in yours. This is the easiest way to get started with an essay that is a hit with both admissions officers and college professors.So, as you can see, there is a reason to go to college essay sample. It will help you create a well-written essay that will hold the attention of a lot of college professors. It is your best chance to earn a college degree.

Research Paper Topics For Chinese Culture and Society

Research Paper Topics For Chinese Culture and SocietyThe good news about writing a dissertation or dissertations is that there are many research paper topics for Chinese culture and society. While these subjects will most likely be not exactly what you had in mind when you first came up with the topic, they should be just the thing to help you make it through all of your tedious preparation time. And at the end of the year, that project that was so frustrating before will probably be a breeze.One of the best areas for you to look for dissertation topics for Chinese culture and society is online resources. These sites are usually very helpful when it comes to choosing topics, writing the outline, getting to know the field, getting quotes, and submitting your work. You can also use these sites to search for jobs for graduates in your discipline. Most likely, you will get jobs in which you will be paid and taught on topics related to your dissertation.Of course, one of the things that y ou have to consider when choosing research paper topics for Chinese culture and society is your topic area. What are the things that you would like to research? When researching a particular issue or a particular culture, you should consider what kind of topic could help you get the information you need. Try to make sure that you understand the principles and facts that are needed to solve a problem or answer a question. Once you understand these concepts, you will have no trouble in getting the information.Of course, as mentioned earlier, researching research paper topics for Chinese culture and society is easy, if you have a general idea about how to go about it. First, you will need to make sure that you have the right background information. This information will be required for the thesis statement.Second, research paper topics for Chinese culture and society usually involve social sciences or humanities such as history, sociology, literature, economics, political science, and political philosophy. Another key factor for choosing a topic is to ensure that it is not too narrow-minded. As long as the topic is a broad one, the scope is more than sufficient. And there are many topics out there in which your research topic will fit.However, it is also important to note that research paper topics for Chinese culture and society require a certain amount of effort and time. In fact, researching a topic is often an uphill battle. This is because many topics that you might find on research paper topics for Chinese culture and society might be hopelessly outdated or irrelevant when it comes to solving the issue at hand.One way to make sure that you choose the right research paper topics for Chinese culture and society is to search for topics that are still current and relevant. For example, a subject such as the issue of cultural diversity is quite relevant today, since many people are discussing it, especially after some of the recent attacks that have occurred in the United States. Also, look for the topics that you would feel comfortable with, but never forget to choose the topic that you are most comfortable with. The last thing you want to do is come up with a topic that is absolutely horrible and that has no meaning at all.As you can see, it does not take long to research topics for Chinese culture and society. However, doing it well is another story. If you do the research properly, you will soon be sitting at the head of the table in your final examination.

Open Adoption A Growing Trend - 1440 Words

Open Adoption: A Growing Trend in the U.S. In the last four decades, the concept of the American family has undergone a radical transformation, reflecting society s growing openness. Among all segments of society, there is a greater acceptance of a variety of family structures from single parenting to blended families to same sex parenting of children. The introduction of openness into the process of adoption offers new opportunities for children in need of a parent or parents and prospective parents wishing to create or expand their families. Meeting the requirements to become eligible to adopt no longer means being constrained by the conventions of an earlier generation. Open adoption includes the birthparents and adoptive†¦show more content†¦Currently, there is only limited statistical information on U.S. adoptions. (Child Welfare Information Par. 2) The most complete statistics were gathered by the National Center for Social Statistics (NCSS) from 1957 through 1975. Most new statistical information about adoptio n is being gathered and analyzed by private organizations, through private surveys and research. (http://statistics.adoption.com/information/adoption-statistics-overview.html) States with the highest number of adoptions are states with greater populations, with California, New York, and Texas generally leading the nation. In 2000 about 9,054 adoptions took place in the state of California alone. (Child Welfare Information par. 1) In 2001, New York had the highest number of adoptions with 10,209 cases. In 69% of public and private agency adoptions, the birth parents had met the adoptive couple. (Berry) Societal attitudes toward adoption have made great advances since the 1900s, both in the understanding of the complexities of adoption and the acceptance of adoption as a positive path for children. It is estimated that about 1 million children in the United States live with adoptive parents, and that between 2% to 4% of American families include an adopted child. (Stolley) The majority of Americans are personally affected by adoption. A 1997 survey by the Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Insititute found that 6 in 10 Americans have had personal experience with ado ption,

Custom Term Paper For You

<h1>Custom Term Paper For You</h1><p>Custom research paper for you is the report that your undergrad college or graduate school papers would resemble. Normally, your proposition or exposition and your undergrad school paper and your undergrad graduate school paper are now classified to one primary table, which is known as the postulation table. However, for this situation, you can likewise include your name or your prospectus to this table. Also, this should be possible so as to give it an extraordinary and unmistakable look.</p><p></p><p>In expansion, in the event that you are simply starting in the investigation of the major, at that point you probably won't have the foggiest idea about the reason and technique for how it is being sorted out. With the assistance of the research project for you, you would now be able to have a superior comprehension of the typical school structure. You ought to likewise consider it as a guide and an a base f or your future investigations in this field.</p><p></p><p>It is suggested that you will simply buy the custom research paper for you while you purchase your research project. It is additionally prescribed to add these papers to your current research project. You can utilize the research project for you in your scholarly work and not similarly as a strengthening document.</p><p></p><p>The custom research paper for you will help you when you are accumulating your degree later on. For instance, in the event that you have contemplated certain subjects or specifically class that you need to expound on in your theory or exposition, you can do this so as to make it look great. Hence, you can have a simpler time completing the subject of your study.</p><p></p><p>Some of the techniques that you can use so as to make a custom research project for you incorporate filtering your report or your paper and including the substa nce and data about it. You can pick your preferred shading and textual style, however be certain that it is fitting to the subject of your composition. You can likewise include a glossary of words and glossary of terms. In this manner, on the off chance that you need to make a conventional language structure of your content, at that point you need to add a glossary to the base of your paper.</p><p></p><p>In reality, there are heaps of things that you can do so as to make a custom research project for you. Other than the things that I have referenced above, you can do different things like reworking the request for your paper. You can likewise utilize conditions, yet there are a few things that you need to watch out.</p><p></p><p>First of all, you need to guarantee that you have an exact line and section mean your report. In the event that you have a high number of lines and segments, at that point you should make another report with th e right size and tally. The organization that you need to utilize additionally needs to adhere to the syntax rules of the English language.</p><p></p><p>In request to ensure that your record will be appropriately documented, you need to take exceptional consideration to check its appearance and its accompanying. Additionally, your language should be impeccably worthy. For instance, in the event that you are utilizing the terms or slang of today in your paper, at that point you need to check if your report is linguistically right or not.</p>

Essay Topics For Macbeth

<h1>Essay Topics For Macbeth</h1><p>A Macbeth exposition subject neckline (Collaborative Secondary Literature) centers around various autonomous and related messages and activities for which there is a typical purpose of accentuation, yet which have been amassed so as to shape an intelligent entirety. A neckline article is recognized from a simply singular exposition or arrangement in that it utilizes different writings and abstract functions as a reason for a generous examination as opposed to as a vehicle for the outflow of the writer's own musings and feelings.</p><p></p><p>I admit that from the start I was very uncomfortable with composing a Macbeth paper theme neckline. I started to ponder whether my own thoughts and quirks could be incorporated into a solitary piece. This made me anxious in light of the fact that I was hesitant to run contrary to the natural order of things or to stick out and be extraordinary. I stressed that others wo uld be put off by the regular, ordinary inclinations I share with such huge numbers of others, especially the propensity to compose as if one were bumbling and oblivious, if not out and out hard of hearing, however unfit to talk or in any case incapable to communicate appropriately, even to write.</p><p></p><p>And so I started to peruse the Macbeth books and these subjects kept on saturating my composition. I thought about whether it was justified, despite all the trouble to attempt to assemble such an examination of the narratives, especially as I don't have a clue whether I might compose all the books.</p><p></p><p>Eventually I concluded that I didn't wish to rehash an already solved problem, but instead to investigate the connection between the characters and plot of Macbeth and the recorded sources from which they come. Thus I concentrated on those everyday issues and writing that were generally integral to my experience and those that gave me the most delight and that best depicted the book itself.</p><p></p><p>In short, what I've gained from my first invasion into the universe of article themes for Macbeth, is that Macbethis especially about him, and his internal considerations and the occasions that formed him. That is, the Macbeth exposition subjects neckline center around the character himself, and disclose to us how he thinks, feels, and acts. What I have discovered from this experience is that the Macbeth paper themes are significantly more than a chance to include one's own bits of knowledge, feelings, and translations to the book, as I once thought.</p><p></p><p>The expositions on Macbeth are additionally substantially more than basically contributing something to the content; they can turn into an activity in self-reflection, or a spot to investigate and light up one's own inventive side. To be sure, a considerable lot of the expositions become blockbu sters, as the peruser comes to relate to the writer, and tries to carry on with their own life after the novel, making such writer's reality into their own and changing the writer into an artistic character who lives in their memory.</p><p></p><p>These papers can be utilized for such a large number of various purposes. They can be joined into a bigger work, regardless of whether for individual reflection or as a major aspect of a network venture, or even transformed into a play or a film or even an element film.</p><p></p><p>Whatever you choose to do with your Macbeth paper subjects, I urge you to be striking, to extend, and to be glad for what you have done. All things considered, in all actuality Shakespeare's Macbeth is a genuine individual with genuine contemplations and emotions. His words should be made flesh.</p>

The Secret to Samples of Good Five Paragraph Essay--Grade 5

<h1> The Secret to Samples of Good Five Paragraph Essay- - Grade 5 </h1> <h2> The Importance of Samples of Good Five Paragraph Essay - Grade 5</h2> <p>So it bodes well that guardians start the long excursion of giving up! Which will be a piece of my next audit for an alternate show. Among the things that is precisely the same is that we both have individuals who are high contrast. You choose the kind of medical attendant you're probably going to be and what characteristics that you need to speak to paying little mind to what others do. </p> <h2> What to Expect From Samples of Good Five Paragraph Essay - Grade 5? </h2> <p>5 section paper points aren't confined to anything, as anything can be shrouded in this type of exposition. These words will furnish you with the absolute first pointer required to effectively make a sorted out article. The 5 section paper is viewed as the run of the mill article composing task. Eventually, you sh ould begin composing your 5 section paper! </p> <p>You may likewise observe exposition models. Recollect your paper should be written in your style that will permit it to be a uniquely crafted article. On the off chance that you know about what they wish to and what they are scanning for then you may start your article with a how to tip. You could likewise observe idea expositions. </p> <h2>What You Should Do to Find Out About Samples of Good Five Paragraph Essay - Grade 5 Before You're Left Behind </h2> <p>The best thing about presenting your significant focuses in the absolute first passage is the way that it supplies a blueprint for your body sections and disposes of the need to write in advances between sections. A phenomenal spot to start is with the 5 section exposition. The 3 body sections are irrefutably indispensable to the achievement of the five passage paper. They are the establishment of the paper. </p> <p>I trust that after you read the remainder of this blog entry, you will have a decent appreciation of how to educate and grade five section articles. Your teacher will be scanning for the specific components above while auditing your basic section, so make a point to analyze your absolute first passage to make certain it meets these 3 objectives. Afterward, when you get the straightforward article group under control, your theme sentence won't really should be the absolute first sentence. The rubric ought to advise you accurately what the educator is looking for, while it's a 5 passage article or something much longer.</p> <p>Anytime you should make a planned exposition, you should begin with an edge contingent upon the parts underneath. There are numerous pre-made notebooking pages that are reasonable for secondary young understudies. All things considered, the obligation of the understudy is to simply clarify how different positions probably won't be very much e ducated or current on this issue. More article help Each instructor is to some degree diverse inside her necessities. </p> <p>Essay composing essentially is no straightforward activity to do. A few states additionally flexibly free web prep courses. Shading coding is an incredible help for the instructor since it is conceivable to skim to guarantee all areas of your understudies' sections and articles are found. Write in your words and make your contention explicit to show the graders that you comprehend what you do. </p> <p>To put it in an unexpected way, you're clarify why it's significant for an extraordinary pioneer to be brilliant. On the off chance that you are a newcomer to notebooking, there are two or three connections recorded that you figure out how to start too. The rest of your presentation ought to follow similarly as make and direct a way. All things considered, first, have a breath. </p> <p>Based on the span of the article, it's likewise fitting to characterize as far as possible and recommend more work that should be possible later on. You must prepare for t his game and set up the principles. In reality it's profoundly plausible that after completing your first draft, you'll have surpassed the term tally and should trim some language just to satisfy the article's particulars. Your last sentence ought to maintain your important thought in a reasonable and convincing strategy. </p> <p>If you may have incorporated the works of another person without seeing, you will have the capacity to find them and reword them so as to take out any hints of written falsification before giving your paper in. In a perfect world, each man or lady who peruses your exposition should be in a situation to see each address exclusively and see how to sort out your contention. It is basic that the postulation proclamation should be thinned down as an approach to adhere to the rules of the given composing exercise. A simple proposal proclamation might be something like An extraordinary pioneer ought to have knowledge, tolerable judgment, and mental fortitude. </p> <p>Also, be sure that you aren't utilizing more than 1 snare in the exposition since it is just going to make it considerably progressively swarmed and befuddling. The key is that you might want to interest the peruser. Words that you use should be suitable and you should be gifted in using progress words. Bes ides, it's likewise insightful to check if the confirmations you're utilizing are not phony. </p>

Research Paper Topics About Health Care

<h1>Research Paper Topics About Health Care</h1><p>The best sort of research paper points about human services is a theme about the social insurance framework. The historical backdrop of the social insurance framework was so old and in such bedlam that nobody could venture out change it in light of the fact that nobody at any point truly knew how it functioned. For example, there were not many specialists, and the vast majority of them were extremely simply nomad healers.</p><p></p><p>The certainty is this is an awful time in American medication, where our doctors are excessively occupied with their own business thus they are not exactly prepared to step advance and explore new territory and great. Notably, this is really where the Internet was created, and the web has reformed clinical correspondence. For instance, on the off chance that you take a gander at the contrasts among this and the publicizing scene, you will see that they are signi ficantly more firmly associated. With the web, specialists can interface with patients and endorse medications, and this without the requirement for commercials.</p><p></p><p>In my assessment, the best research paper subjects about social insurance should discuss the issues that exist and discussion about answers for them. The medicinal services industry is a perplexing issue, so the best research paper points about human services ought to examine various ways to deal with improving the nature of care, regardless of whether those arrangements are inward or outside, and furthermore about which technique for conveying care makes the most sense.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous approaches to improve the nature of care, and I realize that I would prefer not to go into every one here, yet I think the greatest change that should be made is to dispose of the charging cycle. In the event that you take a gander at how the charging cycle function s, it is increasingly about getting patients to acknowledge installment for their administrations, and subsequently, the framework turns out to be less patient focused.</p><p></p><p>This is actually something contrary to what requirements to occur, and the best research paper subjects about human services ought to talk about the various ways that the bill and installment cycle can be changed to make it progressively persistent centered. The way that I would put it is that on the off chance that we don't fix the charging cycle, we are going to keep on experiencing deficiencies of suppliers and thusly, we are going to keep on having a lack of patients. Nobody is stating that we need a totally different framework, yet we have to ponder the consideration that patients receive.</p><p></p><p>The next best research paper points about human services is take a gander at the patient as the supplier. The patient is the individual who pays, thus t he emphasis ought to be on the patient, not on the doctor, and the specialist as an asset that the patient can use in a crisis.</p><p></p><p>It is anything but difficult to take a gander at the arrangement and consider the exploration paper themes about social insurance, yet the best methodology is to really change the way that the framework works. Actually, the best research paper points about medicinal services will be for associations to start thinking responsibly and start thinking responsibly. To this end, the Health Care for America Now association is an incredible spot to start.</p>

The Recently Leaked Secret to Examples of Biography Research Papers Disclosed

<h1> The Recently Leaked Secret to Examples of Biography Research Papers Disclosed</h1> <h2> The Nuiances of Examples of Biography Research Papers</h2> <p>Typically, the objective of a capstone venture is to fix a particular issue or issue related with your forthcoming vocation, utilizing your ebb and flow information. The scope of the venture should be unmistakably recognized and critical to the business. You may think that its accommodating, especially in the event that you can't choose what theme to pick simply peruse a genuine case of capstone venture proposition. Capstone ventures have transformed into an indistinguishable segment of the learning procedure in numerous controls and specializations. </p> <p>As soon as you have noted down what you definitely know, consider the qualities of the subject's life that you need to focus on. You start with a presentation. The whole strategy of composing an exploration paper can take apparent time in light of the fact that there are numerous aspects to consider. On the other hand, you could examine your examination and decide the most charming features of the individual's life, something which will arouse the curiosity of your perusers. </p> <h2> Want to Know More About Examples of Biography Research Papers? </h2> <p>You CV introductory letter should deliver the hunt advisory group need to set up a meeting nearby you. At the point when you're composing your examination paper's presentation, you should construct it around a specific framework that provisions a general survey of the paper. It is conceivable to likewise investigate test profiles to turn out how to do the whole technique of finding a specialist life story. Regardless of whether there are any key constraints of your work, you're ready to likewise make reference to this to sum things up inside the presentation. </p> <p>You can likewise observe continue plot. Your blueprint can assist you with sorting out the data you accumulated during your examination while you figure which thoughts to remember for every individual passage. Other than a report layout and an introduction plot, an exploration paper diagram is among the most average sorts of blueprints you're probably going to experience in a specific field. By considering different blueprint tests, you're ensured to concoct the perfect research paper plot in practically no time.</p> <h2> New Ideas Into Examples of Biography Research Papers Never Before Revealed</h2> <p>Vast dominant part of the respondents likewise have a yearly gross family unit pay that doesn't surpass P50,000. As an end, our gathering of gifted specialists likewise gives a last decision which will assist you with settling on a very much educated decision. </p> <p>To form an extraordinary exposition you must be recognizable to types. Th e term of a history relies on the kind of data that should be incorporated. A very much made diagram is vital in finding impressive data and monitoring enormous amounts of data from an examination paper. A specialist history format is intended to diminish the act of producing printed proficient accounts particularly for an individual who might want to arrive at heaps of individuals or organizations. </p> <h2> Details of Examples of Biography Research Papers </h2> <p>The essential point of model research papers is to help understudies figure out how to build up their own task and to appreciate how a paper is organized. At that point you'll have to create a paper in consistence with your guide's prerequisites. A couple are still understudies. You must make a few scholastic papers over the term of a year. </p> <p>Martin Luther had a colossal impact in the development of the German Culture and Church for an entirety. Martin Luther King Jr. is notable for his exercises pointed toward the fight against bigotry, separation, and isolation. A life story is planned to examine a person's life and decipher it moreover. </p> <h2> Top Choices of Examples of Biography Research Papers </h2> <p>From them you will go over guides of different sorts out there. A spectacular research paper help organization has gained notoriety for giving its clients great fantastic research paper model assistance at sensible costs. As of now you can by and by watch the sorts of administrations put available to be purchased and pick the reasonable author. Despite the fact that the reason for profiles is to feature your capacities and skill, they additionally work as an advertising instrument to advance your image. </p> <h2> Top Examples of Biography Research Papers Choices</h2> <p>Actually, your memoir paper doesn't have to begin with the start of the person's life. In this manner, to put a communicated paper reque sts a little an incentive to be put on that. Your profile shouldn't be very genuine, nor does this need regardless a joke. Some of the exercises you're destined to learn by glancing through an example of private account exposition incorporate how to form a proposal explanation and the best approach to draft your history. </p> <p>In most examples the journalists utilize an extraordinary mix of the entirety of the previously mentioned styles while creating a life story exposition. If it's not too much trouble know that, in a true to life paper, understudies are relied upon to expound on the nature and life of a person who has really lived. In case you're believing that you will require an individual to form my paper as of now, you can simply depend on our legit audits. At some point or another in your understudy life, you'll be required to make a predominant memoir paper. </p>

The University Should Extend the Add/Drop Period for Classes

The University Should Extend the Add/Drop Period for Classes If there is one thing Im good at, it is shopping. I find the best deals, make the most out of every shopping trip and generally derive great pleasure from the process. Unfortunately, State College students are only given a very short time to shop for our courses and even less time to return our books to the bookstore for the classes we dropped. The more classes you attend and professors you meet, the more educated your final decision will be at the end of add/drop. If you miss the first day of a Tuesday/Thursday class, you will have to base your judgment of the class on a mere two lectures. I may be a good shopper, but when it comes to classes, no one is that good.†¦show more content†¦If State College wishes to consider itself a peer of these schools, then something needs to change to give students more flexibility in finding classes they actually want to take. There is no point in attending a class for an entire semester if you do not like the material, the professor or th e time slot. Yes, life lessons can be learned from a professor who challenges you or from that 8 a.m. class that makes you get out of bed when you just went to sleep a few hours before. But for the most part, many students end up taking classes simply because they cannot find other alternatives before add/drop ends. Restrictions put in place last year prevent students from registering for more than 16 credits, even though we are allowed to carry 18 credits without applying for an academic overload. The restriction, ostensibly put in place to prevent students from registering for more classes than they were actually planning to take and dropping their least favorite course(s) during add/drop, prevents anyone who actually wants to take 18 credits from doing so at the time of registration in the semester prior. And even with this restriction, courses fill up anyway. Additionally, students should not have to pester professors to override size limitations put in place to keep classes small. Professors should not have to wade through a mountain of e-mails each night during the first week ofShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper On College Athletes1345 Words   |  6 Pagesathletes should be paid, in order to avoid exploitation that takes place when Universities profit, but fail to compensate the student athlete. Majority of successful college sports teams spend over 40 hours a week practicing. That is more time then some full time jobs. The only difference being, those people get paid. 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Writing Research Papers - Tips to Help You Write Your Paper

<h1>Writing Research Papers - Tips to Help You Write Your Paper</h1><p>If you are pondering composing research papers and the recommendations beneath are pointers to help you along. With look into papers you can increase important knowledge into your own region of intrigue, assist you with planning for different territories of your examinations and improve your capacity to discuss in an oral and composed manner.</p><p></p><p>The key to composing a decent research paper is your capacity to express your point and your test. Your objective ought to be to introduce your thoughts in a reasonable and compact way. Your test ought to be to introduce yourself as a specialist in your field and pass on to the peruser why they ought to hear you out. By giving your peruser what they have to know, this will assist you with working up your notoriety in your general vicinity of study.</p><p></p><p>One thing that understudies discover hard to get a handle on is recorded as a hard copy look into papers. You have to think of them with great sentence structure and spelling, yet remember not to permit your composing style to hinder making the data you are passing on read. By utilizing every one of the four of these tips, you will have the option to ensure that you give quality material to your readers.</p><p></p><p>The first and most significant activity is to have a strong establishment in your subject of intrigue. To be effective at doing this, you should be knowledgeable in your subject and have done your examination. You likewise need to know the specialized topics with the goal that you recognize what you are discussing when you are writing.</p><p></p><p>The second most significant activity so as to be effective recorded as a hard copy a decent research paper is to have some blueprint. Incorporate things like the fundamental thoughts that you are going to cover in your paper and an unpleasant layout on what you will talk about. You will need to incorporate the entirety of your watchwords with the goal that your paper will look expertly written.</p><p></p><p>The third step you have to take so as to be effective recorded as a hard copy an exploration paperis to be cautious when you compose. You will need to peruse a couple of research papers before you start with the goal that you know how others compose. Doing this will assist you with evading mistakes and make your paper simpler to read.</p><p></p><p>The fourth thing you have to remember when composing an exploration paper is the possibility of redundancy. In the event that you utilize your paper in classes or in your activity, you have to ensure that it is perused in that unique circumstance. This will assist you with finding out about the subject in a manner that is generally fascinating to you.</p><p></p><p>Writing res earch papers can be troublesome. Be that as it may, by taking the effort to assemble the correct research papers, you will have the option to increase significant understanding into your territory of intrigue and convey your thoughts in a reasonable and brief way. Utilizing these tips will assist you with getting ready for the thinking of you will do in the future.</p>

The Basics of Sample of a Statement of Purpose Essay

The Basics of Sample of a Statement of Purpose EssayA sample of a statement of purpose essay is an ideal way to get your writing thoughts down on paper. This short, one-page introduction to a more detailed two-page essay gives you the chance to have some creative input, and also allow you to see what types of ideas you can think up when writing. It also enables you to compare your writing with others that are being used in essays and tests.Statement of purpose essays are typically used by students who want to show their parents that they are serious about their academic ambitions. Such essays tend to provide some insight into the student's attitudes, as well as outlining some goals that the student will pursue in their academic career. Writing a statement of purpose helps you give yourself the opportunity to get out of your comfort zone, and allow you to consider some more creative approaches to learning.The typical statement of purpose essay should contain a few key points, which in clude: Who do you want to be? Why do you want to be? What are your goals?In this way, you will be able to develop some of your own unique characteristics, which you can use to achieve the goals you set for yourself. For example, if you are an athlete, then your goal could be to win the state championship. If you want to attend university, then your goal could be to get a bachelor's degree, or even graduate with honors.Statements of purpose should also be evaluated based on the type of university you want to attend. Most universities require that you write an essay in a specific format, which might include word processing software. You will need to follow a certain format in order to format your essay for testing.First, you need to pay attention to the sentence structure. Ensure that each paragraph of your essay has a specific start and end, and that all sentences are between three and four sentences long. In addition, ensure that each paragraph flows seamlessly from the previous par agraph to the next.In addition, you will also need to be aware of the spelling and grammar of your writing. Do not hesitate to correct any errors that you find in your essay. As a matter of fact, it is a good idea to write a sample of a statement of purpose essay before you actually write the essay, so that you will have an idea of what to look for when you get your essay writing.The main goal of the sample of a statement of purpose essay is to allow you to gain some insight into how to create a coherent and complete piece of writing. However, before you begin this important project, you should be sure that you have the basic skills needed to become a successful essay writer. Since there are so many different types of essays, it will be very helpful to have a good writing guide, which will help you through the entire process.

Whats Really Happening with Me Myself and I College Essay

<h1>What's Really Happening with Me Myself and I College Essay </h1> <h2> Me Myself and I College Essay Can Be Fun for Everyone </h2> <p>Our request structure is as simple as it gets. The absolute initial step to finding an incredible companion is to understand what you like about yourself. Last, the detail of genuine discourse makes the scene pop. Stay consistent with the topic, and you will get a cognizant piece that will get you a prevalent grade.</p> <h2> Who Else Wants to Learn About Me Myself and I College Essay?</h2> <p>The precise last dream connected to the Beatles is to go to their old neighborhood. All things considered, you're talking about yourself. I truly like being a young person because of those reasons. It will be truly trying for me to go unmistakable ways with my sibling and my absolute best companion. </p> <p>There is an amazing point of looking for progress after the finish of understudy life. Tal k about how that position can assist you with developing and characterize where you might want to go vocation insightful. Additionally, portray various character characteristics (about three), which will let you segue into your scholastic areas of intrigue and extracurricular interests and the motivation behind why they are essential to you. Taking part in such a colossal report from starting to complete has approved my enthusiasm for scholarly research for a profession.</p> <h2> The New Fuss About Me Myself and I College Essay</h2> <p>Consider your fundamental selling focuses the things that showyouare the ideal applicant. Classes in school come simple a ton of the time however I love history and past occasions which lead to basically thinking every day. The confirmations groups need to discover credibility and bore of reasoning. At the end of the day, schools wish to acknowledge somebody who's going to graduate, be prosperous on the planet and have the coll ege identified with that achievement. </p> <p>There are many individuals that are living inside this world and everybody has various characters. Besides, dynamic individuals like to associate with companions and so as to get companions, you should be agreeable. There are a vast number of kids in America who are put on mind-modifying prescriptions that don't enough address their prerequisites. A sentiment of autonomy existed as I was a very little youngster. </p> <p>There are a ton of extraordinary seminars on Udemy which can assist you with figuring out how to deliver brilliant thoughts. I'd prefer to help change that. </p> <h2>A Startling Fact about Me Myself and I College Essay Uncovered </h2> <p>The absolute first urgent activity is circumspectly consider the material you must improve your article. You may likewise think about a closure that reflects the beginning of your paper. There are a few plans to remember to appropriately end this kind of paper. An awesome school exposition acquaintance is basic with making your article stick out, so there's heaps of strain to get it precisely perfect.</p> <p>At the occasion, we should look at a few instances of genuine school paper beginnings to disclose to you how and why they work. Bridget's exposition is amazingly solid, however there keep on being a couple seemingly insignificant details that could be improved. Stephen's exposition is very viable. </p> <h2> Here's What I Know About Me Myself and I College Essay </h2> <p>There's an exceptional switch here from the sub-tiny strings which make up string hypothesis to the genuine real strings that you can tie, in actuality. You can clarify why you picked your present instructive way and that which you might want to do with that. Clarify the auto association better. To begin, being dynamic requires a great deal of physical movement. </p> <h2> What is Actually Happening with Me Myself and I College Essay</h2> <p>Listening to the instructor has ever become the most significant flexibly of direct information. Exposition about me accomp anies explicit stunts and proposals that can guarantee it is an easy assignment once it comes to style and substance. </p> <p>When you're content with the procedure, it's insightful to squander to some degree longer considering to watch in case you're prepared to include additional data or on the other hand include imperative focuses that may have dismissed or maybe even disregarded. Try not to get stayed with material belongings and what you've accomplished throughout everyday life. People will in general choose a scope of topics of what their identity is and endeavor to portray every one of them. Be clear and right to the point. </p> <h2> The Hidden Facts About Me Myself and I College Essay</h2> <p>Let the moment you pick be uncovering of your inclination and character. While you don't have a technique for knowing precisely what a questioner will ask, you can and should expect and be prepared for particular sorts of questions.</p> <p> ;Responsive client care that may assist you with composing an article for me on any point and level of trouble. Trade advancement for mindfulness There's an assigned piece of the application segment assigned to feature your collection of words. In your application article, depict where you might want to be and by what strategy the position you're applying will support you. Notwithstanding what's the purpose of your article, there's a preset number of focuses you will be relied upon to bargain with.</p>

The Birth of Writing Papers for College Students

<h1> The Birth of Writing Papers for College Students</h1> <h2> Life After Writing Papers for College Students</h2> <p>There is nothing incorrectly recorded as a hard copy a customary 5-passage paper. On the off chance that you are in control of an uncommon or uncommon composing need which may not be recorded underneath, kindly address us we realize we will have the option to support you. Rundown the composing focuses you're probably going to examine. In the event that you need the subject of your exploration, the method for composing will go fundamentally more straightforward. </p> <p>Writing paper is contained in the book to mirror the amount of composing space given. A redid article paper composing task needs colossal comprehension. Any place you study, the US, the unified realm, or some other country, the article will be conveyed to you on schedule. Also, our creators are totally rapid with respect to the activity. </p> <p>The costs of our absolute best paper composing administration aren't the most noteworthy and not the least on the commercial center. Composing quality expositions is the chief motivation behind our administrations. There are a great deal of web based working administrations out there, and it would not be conceivable to cover all them here. Our composing administration will have the option to help you out!</p> <p>Your paper incorporates references agreeing understudies the style you need. It will be created by genuine experts, so act now and buy your article for sensible rates! The previous you need to be given a far reaching paper, the more prominent the cost will be. Offer your directions and you'll get a great paper as rapidly as could reasonably be expected. </p> <h2> Writing Papers for College Students for Dummies</h2> <p>You may handily rely upon us to discover exposition help as we tend to help and guide the understudies with the guide of our expert specialists. A decent arrangement of understudies need to help their the capacities and jargon to form fantastic papers. All understudies have different necessities. As a result, such understudies look for the best paper help to be sure that their undertaking will be created at the maximal level in concurrence with every single scholarly norm. </p> <p>Obviously, various them are less predominant as others. An understudy's life has various other critical components, beside scholarly ones. At the point when you're an understudy, you have heaps of wants, plans, assignments, thoughts, however you are work ing out of time with the goal that it's trying to do all them. For instance, checking your inbox like clockwork may seem, by all accounts, to be a gainful employment for you, however in all actuality it works as a consistent interruption and efficiency executioner. </p> <h2>The Good, the Bad and Writing Papers for College Students </h2> <p>The exact expense and timing of the activity will be founded on the particular condition, along these lines we can just generally situate you by cost. Every now and then, you prepare a draft yet are befuddled by the entirety of the arrangement necessities. The evaluating for custom composing administrations should be simple and clear, permitting client to take a gander at the assessed cost per a sheet of composing before they present the buy demand. On-time transporting promise You will get your exploration paper even before you're the fundamental second. </p> <h2> Introducing Writing Papers for College Students </h2> <p>Our school paper composing administration is the top supplier of great school papers to understudies all around the globe. To mitigate such raised degrees of weight, it's a smart thought to put in a request for a few or all your school papers to be composed for you. Since you can see, it isn't that hard for school children to discover an understudy charge card they can use to help them pay for school supplies. The perfect decision for understudies is to present an application for an understudy charge card. </p> <h2> The Basics of Writing Papers for College Students That You Will have the option to Benefit From Beginning Today</h2> <p>College is costly, and paying for books toward the beginning of the semester is amazingly expensive. Composing a school papers is anything but an extremely straightforward cruising process in any regard except if you're a master inside it. It's occasionally tricky for understudies to deal with the various typ es of composing. Numerous understudies as often as possible have extraordinary troubles to make expositions without anyone else, so they need assistance of talented article composing administration, which gives the most extreme quality. </p> <p>In terms of the before referenced contention that understudies who didn't form the paper themselves will have an ambiguous thought regarding what's being talked about in class, moreover it is very fantastical. Suppose you should buy article for school. </p> <p>It's obvious that the educators detest the thought of an understudy utilizing pro help to have a scholastic article prepared. Your educators give you such a large number of assignments that it's unrealistic that you satisfy all desires. Clearly, most of the undergrads feel they aren't proficient scholars, and along these lines, composing redid expositions could be hard for them. </p>

Essay Topics on Time Management

Essay Topics on Time ManagementTime management is a crucial aspect to become successful in school, but to focus on essays that are specific to the topic can be a frustrating chore. A lot of teachers prefer to see a particular essay as a part of the whole; however, when the essay topics you choose are very specific, it can be frustrating when you cannot actually write what you know you should. In this article, I'll share with you my top tips on writing an essay on time management.Firstly, when writing on specific essay topics, make sure that you look for and select topics that you are familiar with. Do not limit yourself to reading articles or reading textbooks about time management. I believe that when you spend enough time on research, you'll become better at your craft; and therefore, the more productive you'll be.Second, when writing on time management, do not worry about the length of the essay you'll need to write, as long as you stick to your topic. Many students tend to over-t hink things; this is because they tend to rush through their assignments. If you're able to read a magazine article, or a book that is on the topic you'll be covering, make sure you study the information that you find interesting. If you have trouble completing the assignment, but you feel like you're really passionate about the topic, then you're able to move past those reasons and just write the essay.Third, once you've come up with a topic, make sure you thoroughly research it. Find sources to support the information you're using; this will help you know what sort of arguments you'll need to write your paper.Fourth, and lastly, you should only use real world examples when you're writing your essays. When I was writing an essay about the best ways to manage time, I found it useful to read books and articles that allowed me to apply real life time management techniques. Reading about certain ways to manage time will really help you learn how to get organized.Writing on time managem ent can be a great way to help you become a more organized person. Also, by being able to apply the methods you've learned, you'll be able to manage your time more effectively and efficiently.Finally, take advantage of the internet when you're writing an essay on time management. It's amazing how much knowledge you can gain through the internet. The more you use the internet, the more you're able to understand the topic you're writing on; which will be useful for your final grade.These are my top tips on writing an essay on time management. Remember that time management can be a great opportunity to improve your skills, and that it can be done in the easiest and most effective way.

Essay Topics For Environmental Issues - Increase Interest

Essay Topics For Environmental Issues - Increase InterestThere are many essay topics for environmental issues that can be used to increase the interest of your students in environmental education. It is one of the most promising areas of writing for students.Since writing essays on such topics is essential for achieving a passing grade, you will want to find the most effective topics to help you do so. You will need to consider the requirements of your student, as well as their interests and objectives when you do so.There are many personal experiences and observations that students can draw from about the environment. You can read books, articles, or see films that discuss subjects concerning the environment. These can be insightful in raising the overall interest of the students in their class.The essay topics for environmental issues can be based on scientific evidence, detailed facts, or even anecdotes. To appeal to the potentials of your students, you should make sure that the t opic you choose is actually relevant to their area of interest.If you are unsure what specific subject would be the major environmental concern of a given class, you may choose to write a more general essay. After all, students usually like to talk about current events and issues, so they may be more likely to enjoy this type of essay.For example, if your students are interested in issues surrounding global warming, you may write an essay topic on topics involving the cause, effects, and recovery of global warming. Make sure that you include specific information on the topics, such as how an event or process caused global warming, or that an item of clothing or food caused it.While the topic of the essay on environmental issues is not always straightforward, there are several things that you can do to ensure that it is successful. Choose the appropriate topic for your students and make sure that you have gathered the necessary data to support your claims. Finally, make sure that you research the topic thoroughly before you begin writing.

Ap European History Chapter 12 Review Free Essays

string(61) " to modern readers than any other author of the Renaissance\." Week 6 Chapter Review Important People: Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an extravagant Baroque style that emphasised movement, colour, and sensuality. He is well-known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. In addition to running a large studio in Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educated humanist scholar, art collector, and diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV, King of Spain, and Charles I, King of England. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap European History Chapter 12 Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1621, the Queen Mother of France, Marie de’ Medici, commissioned Rubens to paint two large allegorical cycles celebrating her life and the life of her late husband, Henry IV, for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. The Marie de’ Medici cycle (now in the Louvre) was installed in 1625, and although he began work on the second series it was never completed. Marie was exiled from France in 1630 by her son, Louis XIII, and died in 1642 in the same house in Cologne where Rubens had lived as a child. After the end of the Twelve Years’ Truce in 1621, the Spanish Habsburg rulers entrusted Rubens with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1624 the French ambassador wrote from Brussels: â€Å"Rubens is here to take the likeness of the prince of Poland, by order of the infanta. † Between 1627 and 1630, Rubens’s diplomatic career was particularly active, and he moved between the courts of Spain and England in an attempt to bring peace between the Spanish Netherlands and the United Provinces. He also made several trips to the northern Netherlands as both an artist and a diplomat. At the courts he sometimes encountered the attitude that courtiers should not use their hands in any art or trade, but he was also received as a gentleman by many. It was during this period that Rubens was twice knighted, first by Philip IV of Spain in 1624, and then by Charles I of England in 1630. He was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University in 1629. Rubens was in Madrid for eight months in 1628–1629. In addition to diplomatic negotiations, he executed several important works for Philip IV and private patrons. He also began a renewed study of Titian’s paintings, copying numerous works including the Madrid Fall of Man. During this stay, he befriended the court painter Diego Velazquez and the two planned to travel to Italy together the following year. Rubens, however, returned to Antwerp and Velazquez made the journey without him. His stay in Antwerp was brief, and he soon travelled on to London where he remained until April 1630. An important work from this period is the Allegory of Peace and War. It illustrates the artist’s strong concern for peace, and was given to Charles I as a gift. While Rubens’s international reputation with collectors and nobility abroad continued to grow during this decade, he and his workshop also continued to paint monumental paintings for local patrons in Antwerp. The Assumption of the Virgin Mary for the Cathedral of Antwerp is one prominent example. Rubens’s last decade was spent in and around Antwerp. Major works for foreign patrons still occupied him, such as the ceiling paintings for the Banqueting House at Inigo Jones’s Palace of Whitehall, but he also explored more personal artistic directions. In 1630, four years after the death of his first wife, the 53-year-old painter married 16-year-old Helene Fourment. Helene inspired the voluptuous figures in many of his paintings from the 1630s, including The Feast of Venus, The Three Graces and The Judgment of Paris. In the latter painting, which was made for the Spanish court, the artist’s young wife was recognized by viewers in the figure of Venus. In an intimate portrait of her, Helene Fourment in a Fur Wrap, also known as Het Pelsken, Rubens’s wife is even partially modelled after classical sculptures of the Venus Pudica, such as the Medici Venus. In 1635, Rubens bought an estate outside of Antwerp, the Steen, where he spent much of his time. Landscapes, such as his Chateau de Steen with Hunter and Farmers Returning from the Fields, reflect the more personal nature of many of his later works. He also drew upon the Netherlandish traditions of Pieter Bruegel the Elder for inspiration in later works like Flemish Kermis. Rubens died from gout on 30 May 1640. He was interred in Saint Jacob’s church, Antwerp. Lord Michel Eyquem de was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularising the essay as a literary genre and is popularly thought of as the father of Modern Skepticism. He became famous for his effortless ability to merge serious intellectual speculation with casual anecdotes and autobiography—and his massive volume Essais (translated literally as â€Å"Attempts†) contains, to this day, some of the most widely influential essays ever written. Montaigne had a direct influence on writers the world over, including Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Friedrich Nietzsche, Stefan Zweig, Eric Hoffer, Isaac Asimov, and perhaps William Shakespeare. In his own time, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation, and his declaration that, ‘I am myself the matter of my book’, was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In time, however, Montaigne would be recognized as embodying, perhaps better than any other author of his time, the spirit of freely entertaining doubt which began to emerge at that time. He is most famously known for his skeptical remark, ‘Que sais-je? ‘ (‘What do I know? ‘). Remarkably modern even to readers today, Montaigne’s attempt to examine the world through the lens of the only thing he can depend on implicitly—his own judgment—makes him more accessible to modern readers than any other author of the Renaissance. You read "Ap European History Chapter 12 Review" in category "Papers" Much of modern literary non-fiction has found inspiration in Montaigne and writers of all kinds continue to read him for his masterful balance of intellectual knowledge and personal story-telling. His fame rests on the Essais, a collection of a large number of short subjective treatments of various topics published in 1580, inspired by his studies in the classics, especially Plutarch. Montaigne’s stated goal is to describe humans, and especially himself, with utter frankness. Montaigne’s writings are studied within literary studies, as literature and philosophy. Inspired by his consideration of the lives and ideals of the leading figures of his age, he finds the great variety and volatility of human nature to be its most basic features. He describes his own poor memory, his ability to solve problems and mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally involved, his disdain for the human pursuit of lasting fame, and his attempts to detach himself from worldly things to prepare for his timely death. He writes about his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time, reflecting a spirit of skepticism and belief that humans are not able to attain true certainty. The longest of his essays, Apology for Raymond Sebond, contains his famous motto, â€Å"What do I know? † Montaigne considered marriage necessary for the raising of children, but disliked strong feelings of passionate love because he saw them as detrimental to freedom. In education, he favored concrete examples and experience over the teaching of abstract knowledge that has to be accepted uncritically. His essay â€Å"On the Education of Children† is dedicated to Diana of Foix. The Essais exercised important influence on both French and English literature, in thought and style. Thinkers exploring similar ideas include Erasmus, Thomas More, and Guillaume Bude, who all worked about fifty years before Montaigne. Since Edward Capell first made the suggestion in 1780, some scholars believe that Shakespeare was familiar with Montaigne’s essays. John Florio’s translation of Montaigne’s Essais became available to Shakespeare in English in 1603. It is suggested that Montaigne’s influence is especially noticeable in â€Å"Hamlet† and â€Å"King Lear†, both in language and in the skepticism present in both plays. For an example, compare Shakespeare’s Hamlet to Rosencrantz, at Hamlet Act 2, scene 2, about line 240, with an earlier quote of Montaigne. â€Å"†¦ for there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so. To me it is a prison. â€Å". â€Å"Whether the events in our life are good or bad greatly depends on the way we perceive them. † Much of Blaise Pascal’s skepticism in his Pensees was a result of reading Montaigne. Ralph Waldo Emerson chose â€Å"Montaigne; or, the Skeptic† as a subject of one of his series of lectures entitled Representative Men, along side other subjects such as Shakespeare and Plato. Friedrich Nietzsche judged of Montaigne: â€Å"That such a man wrote has truly augmented the joy of living on this Earth† Valentin Weigel was a German theologian, philosopher and mystical writer, from Saxony, and an important precursor of later theosophy. In English he is often called Valentine Weigel. He was born at Hayn, near Dresden, into a Catholic family. He studied at Meissen, Leipzig, and Wittenberg. In 1567 he became a pastor at Zschopau, near Chemnitz. There, he lived out a quiet life, engaged in his writings. Weigel was best known for his belief that the Virgin Mary was herself the product of a virgin birth. He based his belief on the idea of the immaculate conception, which required that Mary must also be sinless in order to bear God in the flesh. He kept his ideas secret, entrusting them only to personal friends (in contrast to Jakob Bohme). He carried out his parishioner duties and kept a low profile. He left around 6000 pages in printed or manuscript works. His ideas on human nature were only gradually and posthumously published. Johann Arndt, Gottfried Arnold, and Gottfried Leibniz helped to spread Weigel’s ideas. His mysticism was marked by that of Johannes Tauler and by doctrines of Paracelsus; he was also a follower of Sebastian Franck and Caspar Schwenckfeldt. Like these two latter, he emphasized the inner life. John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestants in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland, where he published the first edition of his seminal work The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. In that year, Calvin was recruited by William Farel to help reform the church in Geneva. The city council resisted the implementation of Calvin and Farel’s ideas, and both men were expelled. At the invitation of Martin Bucer, Calvin proceeded to Strasbourg, where he became the minister of a church of French refugees. He continued to support the reform movement in Geneva, and was eventually invited back to lead its church. Following his return, Calvin introduced new forms of church government and liturgy, despite the opposition of several powerful families in the city who tried to curb his authority. During this time, the trial of Michael Servetus was extended by libertines in an attempt to harass Calvin. However, since Servetus was also condemned and wanted by the Inquisition, outside pressure from all over Europe forced the trial to continue. Following an influx of supportive refugees and new elections to the city council, Calvin’s opponents were forced out. Calvin spent his final years promoting the Reformation both in Geneva and throughout Europe. Calvin was a tireless polemic and apologetic writer who generated much controversy. He also exchanged cordial and supportive letters with many reformers, including Philipp Melanchthon and Heinrich Bullinger. In addition to the Institutes, he wrote commentaries on most books of the Bible, as well as theological treatises and confessional documents. He regularly preached sermons throughout the week in Geneva. Calvin was influenced by the Augustinian tradition, which led him to expound the doctrine of predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation. Calvin’s writing and preachings provided the seeds for the branch of theology that bears his name. The Reformed and Presbyterian churches, which look to Calvin as a chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world. After the deaths of Calvin and his successor, Beza, the Geneva city council gradually gained control over areas of life that were previously in the ecclesiastical domain. Increasing secularisation was accompanied by the decline of the church. Even the Geneva academie was eclipsed by universities in Leiden and Heidelberg, which became the new strongholds of Calvin’s ideas, first identified as â€Å"Calvinism† by Joachim Westphal in 1552. By 1585, Geneva, once the wellspring of the reform movement, had become merely its symbol. However, Calvin had always warned against describing him as an â€Å"idol† and Geneva as a new â€Å"Jerusalem†. He encouraged people to adapt to the environments in which they found themselves. Even during his polemical exchange with Westphal, he advised a group of French-speaking refugees, who had settled in Wesel, Germany, to integrate with the local Lutheran churches. Despite his differences with the Lutherans, he did not deny that they were members of the true Church. Calvin’s recognition of the need to adapt to local conditions became an important characteristic of the reformation movement as it spread across Europe. Due to Calvin’s missionary work in France, his programme of reform eventually reached the French-speaking provinces of the Netherlands. Calvinism was adopted in the Palatinate under Frederick III, which led to the formulation of the Heidelberg Catechism in 1563. This and the Belgic Confession were adopted as confessional standards in the first synod of the Dutch Reformed Church in 1571. Leading divines, either Calvinist or those sympathetic to Calvinism, settled in England (Martin Bucer, Peter Martyr, and Jan Laski) and Scotland (John Knox). During the English Civil War, the Calvinistic Puritans produced the Westminster Confession, which became the confessional standard for Presbyterians in the English-speaking world. Having established itself in Europe, the movement continued to spread to other parts of the world including North America, South Africa, and Korea. Calvin did not live to see the foundation of his work grow into an international movement; but his death allowed his ideas to break out of their city of origin, to succeed far beyond their borders, and to establish their own distinct character. Theodore Beza (Theodore de Beze or de Besze) was a French Protestant Christian theologian and scholar who played an important role in the Reformation. A member of the monarchomaque movement who opposed absolute monarchy, he was a disciple of John Calvin and lived most of his life in Switzerland. As Calvin’s successor, Beza was very successful, not only in carrying on his work but also in giving peace to the Church at Geneva. The magistrates had fully appropriated the ideas of Calvin, and the direction of spiritual affairs, the organs of which were the â€Å"ministers of the word† and â€Å"the consistory†, was founded on a solid basis. No doctrinal controversy arose after 1564. The discussions concerned questions of a practical, social, or ecclesiastical nature, such as the supremacy of the magistrates over the pastors, freedom in preaching, and the obligation of the pastors to submit to the majority of the campagnie des pasteurs. Beza obtruded his will in no way upon his associates, and took no harsh measures against injudicious or hot-headed colleagues, though sometimes he took their cases in hand and acted as mediator; and yet he often experienced an opposition so extreme that he threatened to resign. Although he was inclined to take the part of the magistrates, he knew how to defend the rights and independence of the spiritual power when occasion arose, without, however, conceding to it such a preponderating influence as did Calvin. His activity was great. He mediated between the compagnie and the magistracy; the latter continually asked his advice even in political questions. He corresponded with all the leaders of the Reformed party in Europe. After the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), he used his influence to give to the refugees a hospitable reception at Geneva. In 1574 he wrote his De jure magistratuum (Right of Magistrates), in which he emphatically protested against tyranny in religious matters, and affirmed that it is legitimate for a people to oppose an unworthy magistracy in a practical manner and if necessary to use weapons and depose them. Without being a great dogmatician like his master, nor a creative genius in the ecclesiastical realm, Beza had qualities which made him famous as humanist, exegete, orator, and leader in religious and political affairs, and qualified him to be the guide of the Calvinists in all Europe. In the various controversies into which he was drawn, Beza often showed an excess of irritation and intolerance, from which Bernardino Ochino, pastor of the Italian congregation at Zurich (on account of a treatise which contained some objectionable points on polygamy), and Sebastian Castellio at Basel (on account of his Latin and French translations of the Bible) had especially to suffer. With Reformed France Beza continued to maintain the closest relations. He was the moderator of the general synod which met in April, 1571, at La Rochelle and decided not to abolish church discipline or to acknowledge the civil government as head of the Church, as the Paris minister Jean Morel and the philosopher Pierre Ramus demanded; it also decided to confirm anew the Calvinistic doctrine of the Lord’s Supper (by the expression: â€Å"substance of the body of Christ†) against Zwinglianism, which caused a very unpleasant discussion between Beza and Ramus and Heinrich Bullinger. In the following year (May, 1572) he took an important part in the national synod at Nimes. He was also interested in the ontroversies which concerned the Augsburg Confession in Germany, especially after 1564, on the doctrine of the Person of Christ and the sacrament, and published several works against Westphal, Hesshusen, Selnecker, Johannes Brenz, and Jakob Andrea. This made him, especially after 1571, hated by all those who adhered to Lutheranism in opposition to Melanchthon Jeanne d’Albret, also known as Jeanne III or Joan III, was the queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572. She married Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendome, and was the mother of Henry of Bourbon, who became King of Navarre and of France as Henry IV, the first Bourbon king. She became the Duchess of Vendome by marriage. She was the acknowledged spiritual and political leader of the French Huguenot movement, and a key figure in the French Wars of Religion. The power struggle between Catholics and Huguenots for control of the French court and France as a whole, led to the outbreak of the French Wars of Religion in 1562. Jeanne and Antoine were at court, when the latter made the decision to support the Catholic faction, which was headed by the House of Guise; and in consequence, threatened to repudiate Jeanne when she refused to attend Mass. Catherine de’ Medici, in an attempt to steer a middle course between the two warring factions, also pleaded with Jeanne to obey her husband for the sake of peace but to no avail. Jeanne stood her ground and staunchly refused to abandon the Calvinist religion, and continued to have Protestant services conducted in her apartments. When many of the other nobles also joined the Catholic camp, Catherine had no choice but to support the Catholic faction. Fearing both her husband’s and Catherine’s anger, Jeanne left Paris in March 1562 and made her way south to seek refuge in Bearn. When Jeanne had stopped for a brief sojourn at her husband’s ancestral chateau in Vendome on 14 May to break her lengthy homeward journey, she failed to prevent a 400-strong Huguenot force from invading the town. The soldiers marauded through the streets of Vendome, ransacked all the churches, maltreated the inhabitants, and pillaged the ducal chapel, which housed the tombs of Antoine’s ancestors. In consequence, her husband adopted a belligerent stance with her. He issued orders to Blaise de Lasseran-Massencome, seigneur de Montluc to have her arrested and returned o Paris where she would subsequently be sent to a Catholic convent. She resumed her journey after quitting Vendome and managed to elude her captors, safely passing over the frontier into Bearn before she could be intercepted by the seigneur de Montluc and his troops. At the end of the year, Antoine was fatally wounded at the siege of Rouen and died before Jeanne could obtain the necessary permission to cross over enemy lines, in order to be at his bedside where she had wished nurse him. His mistress instead was summoned to his deathbed. Jeanne henceforth ruled Navarre as the sole queen regnant; her sex being no impediment to her sovereignity. Her son Henry subsequently became â€Å"first prince of the blood†. Jeanne often brought him along on her many progresses through her domains to oversee administrative affairs. Jeanne haughtily refused an offer of matrimony issued by King Philip II of Spain who had hoped to marry her to his son, on the condition that she return to the Catholic faith. Jeanne’s position in the conflicts remained relatively neutral in the beginning, being mainly preoccupied with military defences, given Navarre’s geographic location beside Catholic Spain. Papal envoys arrived and tried to coerce and threaten her into returning to Catholicism and abolishing heresy within her kingdom. Her response was to coldly reply that â€Å"the authority of the Pope’s legate is not recognised in Bearn†. At one stage there was a papal plot led by Pope Pius IV to have her kidnapped and turned over to the Spanish Inquistion. Jeanne was summoned to Rome to be examined for heresy under the triple penalty of excommunication, the confiscation of her property, and a declaration that her kingdom was available to any ruler who wished to invade it. This last threat alarmed King Philip, and the blatant interference by the Papacy in French affairs also enraged Catherine de’ Medici who, on behalf of Charles IX, sent angry letters of protest to the Pope. The papal threats never materialised. During the French Court’s royal progress between January 1564 and May 1565, Jeanne met and held talks with Catherine de’ Medici at Macon and Nerac. When the third religious war broke out in 1568, however, she decided to actively support the Huguenot cause. Feeling that their lives were in danger from encroaching French Catholic and Spanish troops, Jeanne and Henry sought efuge in the Protestant stronghold of La Rochelle. As Minister of Propaganda, Jeanne wrote manifestos and composed letters to sympathetic foreign rulers, requesting their assistance. Jeanne had visualised the province of Guyenne as a â€Å"Protestant homeland† and played a leading role in the military actions from 1569 to 1570 with the aim of seeing her dream come to fruition. Whilst at La Rochelle, she assumed control of the fortifications, finances, Intelligence gathering, and the maintaining of discipline amongst the civilian populace. She used her own jewellery as security in a loan obtained from Queen Elizabeth I of England, and oversaw the well-being of the numerous refugees who sought shelter within La Rochelle. She often accompanied Admiral de Coligny to the battlefield where the fighting was at its most intense; together they inspected the defences and rallied the Huguenot forces. Jeanne also established a religious seminary in La Rochelle, drawing the most learned Huguenot men in France within its walls. Following the Huguenot defeat on 16 March 1569 at the Battle of Jarnac where Jeanne’s brother-in-law, Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Conde was killed, Gaspard de Coligny assumed command of the Huguenot forces nominally on behalf of her son Henry and Conde’s son, Henri I de Bourbon, Prince de Conde. Jeanne had established them as the legitimate leaders of the Huguenot cause. After her funeral, which was conducted according to the rites of the Protestant Church, a cortege bearing her body travelled through the streets of Vendome. She was buried beside her husband at Ducal Church of collegiale Saint-Georges. The tombs were destroyed when the church was sacked in 1793 during the French Revolution. Her son Henry succeeded her, becoming King Henry III of Navarre. In 1589, he ascended the French throne as Henry IV; founding the Bourbon line of kings. Don Fernando Alvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba was a Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands, nicknamed â€Å"the Iron Duke† in the Low Countries because of his harsh and cruel rule there and his role in the execution of his political opponents and the massacre of several cities. In 1567, Philip, who was a zealous opponent of Protestantism, sent Alba into the Netherlands at the head of an army of 10,000 men, with unlimited powers for the extirpation of the heretics. Alba quickly erected a tribunal, the Council of Troubles, which soon became known to the Calvinists as the â€Å"Council of Blood,† to try all persons who had been engaged in the late commotions that the rule of Philip had excited. During the ten years it operated, thousands of people were executed. The precise number is disputed: Dutch sources cite 18,000 victims, while Spanish accounts mention only a few hundred. About 12,000 casualties can be considered as the most accurate estimate, of which 1,083 were executed. Alba imprisoned the Count of Egmont and the Count of Hoorn, the two popular leaders of the dissatisfied Dutch nobles, and had them condemned to death even though they were Catholics. Alba attempted to raise money by imposing the Spanish alcabala, a tax of 10% on all sales (â€Å"tenth penny† tax) on the Low Countries, and this aroused the opposition of many Catholic residents as well. The exiles from the Low Countries, who called themselves Geuzen (French gueux, â€Å"beggars†), encouraged by the general resistance to his government, fitted out a fleet of privateers, and after strengthening themselves by successful depredations, seized the town of Den Briel (Brielle). Thus Alba, by his unrelenting harshness, became the unwitting instrument of the future independence of the seven Dutch provinces. On 22 August, Alba, accompanied by a body of select Spanish troops, made his entry into Brussels. He immediately appointed a council to condemn without trial those suspected of heresy and rebellion. On 1 June 1568, Brussels witnessed the simultaneous decapitation of twenty-two noblemen; on 6 June followed the execution of the Counts of Egmond and Hoorne. The fleet of the exiles, having met the Spanish fleet, defeated it and reduced Holland and Mons. The States of Holland, assembling at Dordrecht in 1572, openly declared against Alba’s government, and marshaled under the banners of the prince of Orange. Alba’s preparations to defeat the gathering storm were made with his usual rapidity and vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Mons, Mechelen and Zutphen, under the conduct of his son Don Fadrique. All three cities were sacked and many civilians killed. With the exception of Zeeland and Holland, he regained all the provinces; and at last his son stormed Naarden, massacring every man, woman and child, proceeded to invest the city of Haarlem, which, after standing an obstinate siege, was taken and pillaged. Their next attack was upon Alkmaar; but there they were met with such desperate resistance that Alba was forced to retire. William II, Prince of Orange was sovereign Prince of Orange and stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 14 March 1647 until his death three years later. William II, Prince of Orange, was the son of stadtholder Frederik Hendrik of Orange and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels. William the Silent had been succeeded in the position of stadtholder and as commander of the Dutch States Army by his son Maurits of Nassau, who in turn was followed by his brother Frederick Henry. William II’s ancestors governed in conjunction with the States-General, an assembly made up of representatives of each of the seven provinces but usually dominated by the largest and wealthiest province, Holland. On May 2, 1641, William married Mary Henrietta Stuart, the Princess Royal, the eldest daughter of King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria in the Chapel Royal, Whitehall Palace, London. In 1648 he opposed acceptance of the Treaty of Munster, despite the fact that it recognized the independence of the Netherlands. Secretly, William opened his own negotiations with France with the goal of extending his own territory under a centralized government. In addition, he worked for the restoration of his brother-in-law, Charles II, to the throne of England. In 1650 William II became involved in a bitter quarrel with the province of Holland and the powerful regents of Amsterdam, like Andries Bicker and his cousin Cornelis de Graeff over troop reduction following the Treaty of Munster. William opposed the reduction in the size of the army which would diminish his powerbase. This resulted in William putting eight members (oa. Jacob de Witt) of the provincial assembly in prison in the castle of Loevestein. In addition he sent his cousin Willem Frederik of Nassau-Dietz with an army of 10 thousand troops with the aim of taking Amsterdam by force. Bad weather foiled this campaign. After having served as stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel for only three years, he died of smallpox in 1650. His son William was born one week after his death. This was the beginning of the First Stadtholderless Period for the provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel. His son succeeded him in 1672 as stadtholder and later, in 1689, also became king of England. Pope Saint Pius V, born Antonio Ghislieri, was Pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Catholic Church. He is chiefly notable for his role in the Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, and the standardization of the Roman liturgy within the Latin Church. Pius V declared saint Thomas Aquinas a Doctor of the Church and patronized prominent sacred music composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. As Cardinal Ghislieri he gained a reputation for putting orthodoxy before personalities, prosecuting eight French Bishops for heresy. He also stood firm against nepotism, rebuking his predecessor Pope Pius IV to his face when he wanted to make a 13-year old member of his family a cardinal and subsidise a nephew from the Papal treasury. In affairs of state, Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth I of England for schism and persecutions of English Catholics during her reign. He also arranged the formation of the Holy League, an alliance of Catholic states. Although outnumbered, the Holy League famously defeated the Ottomans, who had threatened to overrun Europe, at the Battle of Lepanto. This victory Pius V attributed to the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary and instituted the feast, Our Lady of Victory. St Pius V recognized attacks on papal supremacy in the Catholic Church and was desirous of limiting their advancement. In France, where his influence was stronger, he took several measures to oppose the Protestant Huguenots. He directed the dismissal of Cardinal Odet de Coligny and seven bishops, nullified the royal edict tolerating the extramural services of the Reformers, introduced the Roman catechism, restored papal discipline, and strenuously opposed all compromise with the Huguenot nobility. Pius V died on 1 May 1572. He was succeeded by Pope Gregory XIII. In 1696, the process of Pius’s canonisation was started through the efforts of the Master of the Order of Preachers, Antonin Cloche. He also immediately commissioned a representative tomb from the sculptor Pierre Le Gros the Younger to be erected in the Sistine Chapel of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. The pope’s body was placed in it in 1698. St Pius V was beatified by Pope Clement X in the year 1672, and was later canonized by Pope Clement XI on 24 May 1712. Pope St Pius V also helped financially in the construction of the city of Valletta, Malta’s capital city by sending his military engineer Francesco Laparelli to design the fortification walls. Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, actually von Waldstein, was a Bohemian soldier and politician, who offered his services, and an army of 30,000 to 100,000 men during the Danish period of the Thirty Years’ War, to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. He became the supreme commander of the armies of the Habsburg Monarchy and one of the major figures of the Thirty Years’ War. A successful generalissimo who had made himself ruler of the lands of the Duchy of Friedland in northern Bohemia, Wallenstein found himself released from service in 1630 after Ferdinand grew wary of his ambition. Several Protestant victories over Catholic armies induced Ferdinand to recall Wallenstein, who again turned the war in favor of the Imperial cause. Dissatisfied with the Emperor’s treatment of him, Wallenstein considered allying with the Protestants. However, Ferdinand had the general assassinated at Eger (Cheb) in Egerland by one of the army’s officials, Walter Devereux. Wallenstein’s particular genius lay in recognizing a new way for funding war: instead of merely plundering enemies, he called for a new method of systematic â€Å"war taxes†. Even a city or a prince on the side of the Emperor had to pay taxes towards the war. He understood the enormous wastage of resources that resulted from tax exactions on princes and cities of defeated enemies only, and desired to replace this with a â€Å"balanced† system of taxation; wherein both sides bore the cost of a war. He was unable to fully realize this ambition; and in fact his idea led to the random exploitation of whole populations on either side, until finally, almost fifteen years after his death, the war had become so expensive that the warring parties were forced to make peace. In any case, Wallenstein’s idea inspired many, among them, Colbert, to â€Å"pluck the goose with a minimum of screeching†. Chapter Review Questions: 1)During the Wars of Religion, politics played an important role in the stances of French leaders. French leaders were persuaded to stand by the religion that would give them the most powerful political stance; they had no interest in the true goals of the religions. Catherine de’ Medici, a relative of Pope Clement VII, married the duke of Orleans at age 14; he would become King Henry II of France. But Henry died after about six years of rule, and his successor, Francis II, died the year after that, leaving Catherine as regent for the 10-year-old Charles IX. Catherine let the Jesuits back into France and, seeing the alarming probability that the Reformation might gain a toehold in France, the Jesuits began circulating provocative rumors (1567) of a Huguenot plot to sack and burn Paris. The Huguenot leader, Admiral Coligny, began to exercise more influence over Charles in matters of state than Catherine, so she used the occasion of a political marriage designed to make peace between Protestants and Catholics — the marriage of Henry of Navarre to Marguerite de Valois — to have Coligny assassinated. The plot failed and Coligny was only wounded, but the Huguenot leaders, assembled in Paris in great numbers for the wedding, were infuriated. Charles vowed punishments for the plotters, but with all the important heretics in one place, Catherine saw her final solution to the Huguenot problem: She browbeat the young King into approving a massacre — for reasons of national security. On Sunday, 24 August 1572, at daybreak, French Catholic troops and Catholic citizens drew blood. An eyewitness described the scene: The slaughter in Paris lasted until 17 September, but spread to the provinces, where it continued until 3 October. Admiral Coligny was among the dead. In all of France about 50,000 were slain — more than twice as many people killed over religion in 40 days, as French revolutionaries killed over politics in three years! When news of this holocaust of French Protestants reached the world, Catherine de’ Medici received the congratulations of all the Catholic powers, and Pope Gregory XIII ordered bonfires lighted and the singing of the Te Deum. Indeed, the Pope’s joy was so great that he commanded a gold medal to be minted, with the inscription, â€Å"Slaughter [strages] of the Huguenots. He then had Giorgio Vasari paint pictures in the Vatican of â€Å"the glorious triumph over a perfidious race. † An ecclesiastical annalist named Strype suggested that the comet of 1572 was a token of Divine wrath provoked by the massacre. But if God was watching, he made no move to turn the events begun on St. Bartholomew’s Day, 1572. The realization that a solution was needed wa s finally realised. 2)Spain became the dominant power in Europe in the 16th century because of the countless gold and treasure from its New World territories. This era is known by the Spanish as El siglo de oro, â€Å"the golden century†. All this money allowed Spain to purchase and develop the best military technology of the time. However Spain’s greatest weakness with all this money was how it ran its very society. Spain had a very feudal society. One’s place in it was determined by your birth. Spain’s nobilty looked down on any labour as beneath them. Any labour or business was viewed as tasks for commoners. As a result, Spanish nobility was expected to live a life of leisure. When the highest and wealthiest portion of your society doesn’t work, all they’re doing is spending money, but not generating any new funds. It was only a matter of time before Spain burned through all its wealth. Spain was also exceedingly intolerant towards other religions. Spain’s period of wealth and dominance corresponded with the Protestant reformation in Europe. The Spanish king Philp II was a very devout Catholic, who viewed the Reformation as heresy and the work of the Devil. Philp made it the goal of his entire reign to suppress the spread of Protestantism. He was only successful with this goal somewhat. Under Philip’s reign Spain became its most powerful, but also started its decline. During his reign the Netherlands revolted against the Spanish Hapsburg crown, Spain experienced costly wars against France and England, and Portugal gained its independence from Spain. Philip II was also successful in that he consolidated Spain’s overseas empire, succeeded in massively increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch and French privateering, and ended the major threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman navy. During his reign, Spain became the greatest naval power in the Mediterranean. 3)A politique is a ruler who focuses more on what is good for their country than on religion. Also, I don’t know if Henry of Navarre can be called a politique, because the entire reason he became king came from a power struggle between the Huguenots(french protestants) and french Catholics. The same goes for William of Orange, as he was significant as a result of the revolt in the Netherlands against their Spanish rulers. The Spanish attempted to convert the Netherlands, which were largely Protestant, to Catholicism, which was the established religion in Spain. Elizabeth I, on the other hand, was definitely a politique. Elizabeth took the throne after her sister, Mary I died in 1558. Mary had been a staunch Catholic like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, who originally came from Spain. Mary herself took the throne after their younger brother Edward VI died young due to lifelong poor health. Their father, Henry VIII, had established the Church of England, in order to no longer have to answer to the Pope so that he could divorce Catherine and marry Elizabeth’s mother, Anne Boleyn. Mary did not like the Church of England, and so when she took the throne in 1553, she reinstated the Catholic church and had those who refused to convert executed. Elizabeth, by comparison, concentrated more on her foreign relations than on religion, although she did make the Church of England the official religion of England. 4)In 1534 King Henry VIII separated the English Church from Rome. A theological separation had been foreshadowed by various movements within the English church such as Lollardy, but the English Reformation gained political support when Henry VIII wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Pope Clement VII, considering that the earlier marriage had been entered under a papal dispensation and how Catherine’s nephew, Emperor Charles V, might react do such a move, refused the annulment. Eventually, Henry, although theologically opposed to Protestantism, took the position of Supreme Head of the Church of England to ensure the annulment of his marriage. He was excommunicated by Pope Paul III. Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and, during his reign, Protestant reformers ere unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England. Indeed, this part of Henry’s reign saw the trial for heresy of Protestants as well as Roman Catholics. Under his son, Edward VI, more Protestant-influenced forms of worship were adopted. Under the leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, a more radical reformation proceeded. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer (1549 and 1552). These wer e based on the older liturgy but influenced by Protestant principles. The confession of the reformed Church of England was set out in the Forty-two Articles (later revised to thirty-nine). The reformation however was cut short by the death of the king. Queen Mary I, who succeeded him, returned England again to the authority of the Pope, thereby ending the first attempt at an independent Church of England. During Mary’s reign, many leaders and common people were burnt for their refusal to recant of their reformed faith. These are known as the Marian martyrs and the persecution has led to her nickname of â€Å"Bloody Mary†. Mary also died childless and so it was left to the new regime of her half-sister Elizabeth to resolve the direction of the church. The settlement under Elizabeth I (from 1558), known as the Elizabethan settlement, developed the via media (middle way) character of the Church of England, a church moderately Reformed in doctrine, as expressed in the Thirty-nine Articles, but also emphasising continuity with the Catholic and Apostolic traditions of the Church Fathers. It was also an established church (constitutionally established by the state with the head of state as its supreme governor). The exact nature of the relationship between church and state would be a source of continued friction into the next century. 5)Thirty Years’ War , a series of European conflicts from 1618 to 1648, fought primarily in Germany. The war started in Bohemia with a Protestant revolt against the Holy Roman Empire and eventually involved almost all of the countries of Europe. By its final years, religious issues had been submerged and it had become a struggle for power between Austria and Spain on one side and France on the other. Politics determined the outcome of the ar greatly. The Thirty Years’ War rearranged the European power structure. The last decade of the conflict saw clear signs of Spain weakening. While Spain was fighting in France, Portugal — which had been under personal union with Spain for 60 years — acclaimed John IV of Braganza as king in 1640, and the House of Braganza became the new dynasty of Portugal (see Portuguese Restoration War, for furth er information). Meanwhile, Spain was forced to accept the independence of the Dutch Republic in 1648, ending the Eighty Years’ War. Bourbon France challenged Habsburg Spain’s supremacy in the Franco-Spanish War (1635-59); gaining definitive ascendancy in the War of Devolution (1667–68), and the Franco-Dutch War (1672–78), under the leadership of Louis XIV. The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabruck and Munster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. The Peace of Westphalia treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, of the House of Habsburg, the Kingdoms of Spain, France, Sweden, the Dutch Republic, the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sovereigns of the free imperial cities. The war needed to reach the point of great unrest before it could be resolved with a treaty. 6)It seems â€Å"meaningless† only because the European conflagration lacked a clear point of dispute, not that it lacked any purpose. On the contrary, there were too many points of contention or flash points, far too numerous to even list in a short essay. Once the breaking point was reached on one or some of them, it set off a chain reaction of other open conflicts of long simmering divisions, mostly religious, but those caused by changing balance of powers. This is far from unusual. World War II ended up being a war between two major European alliances for complicated broken treaties and border violations, but was started by a single assassination of an Austro-Hungarian archduke. There was no single principle or cause being fought for in either case. World War II has a simpler narrative, totalitarian states like Germany and Japan attempted to conquer the world, and the good guys resisted and beat them back, but even that belies a deeper complexity in the reasons and chain of events that led to it. The Thirty Years War was fought not for any simple cause, but for too many different reasons, so that for the modern generations, it seems altogether too obscure and frivolous. Nothing could be further from the truth. It was in fact a major realignment of European powers in the aftermath of the battles of the Reformation movement as well as the decline of Spanish Power and the eventual breakup of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire. In fact, the consequences of this breakup has historically lead to both World War I and World War II. In order to fully understand the causes of those major world wars, a thorough understanding of the Thirty Years War is a must. How to cite Ap European History Chapter 12 Review, Papers